Financial analysis of Autonomy Corporation Essay

Money related investigation of Autonomy Corporation - Essay Example The current investigation would concentrate on the Autonomy Corporation is a worldwide endeavor that has double corporate base camp in Cambridge, United Kingdom and San Francisco, USA. The organization has a nearness in four landmasses: North America, South America, Europe, and Asia Pacific. The firm has in excess of 400 significant customers including Oracle, IBM, HP, and Novell which are clients and supporters of the firm’s mechanical items. This paper will examine the money related remaining of the organization dependent on the utilization of budgetary and proportion investigation. In monetary year 2010 Autonomy Corporation created $870.36 million in deals (Morningstar, 2010). The business aggregate of the organization expanded by 17.66% in examination with the past financial year. The normal selling cost of the organization was $790,000 which is a steady measurement in this industry. The firm accomplished a net benefit of $296.21 million of every 2010. The productivity of the organization in 2010 is extraordinary because of the reality the net edge of the organization was 34%. The net edge of the organization was extremely amazing considering the way that the business net edge in the product business is an exceptionally low 1.7%. The net edge is a money related proportion that gauges the total benefit of the business. The net edge of Autonomy Corporation in 2010 was 32.3% higher than the business normal. The gross edge of the organization was a remarkable 87%. The gross edge is a wide proportion of productivity. The investors of the organization profited by the incredible income of the organization. The income per portion of the firm in 2010 was $1.11. Profit per share will in general affect the market cost per share, as reflected in the value income proportion (Garrison and Noreen, 2011). The basic loads of Autonomy Corporation are exchanged the London Stock Exchange. The firm’s site guarantees that the stock image of the firm is AU.L. Upon f urther examination at different money related sites apparently Autonomy Corporation’s stock are being exchanged the London Stock Exchange under the image 5053.L; the current stock cost of Autonomy Corporation is $2,549 per share (Yahoo, 2011). The income per representative of the organization in 2010 was $463,000 which is 5% better than in 2009. During 2010 one of the most elevated business ledgers of the organization was its innovative work cost. The organization burned through $114.75 million in R&D. During the most recent five years the organization has more than twofold its R&D costs. This is a decent sign since putting resources into innovative work permits organizations to grow new items and advances. Licenses are conceived out of the endeavors of the R&D group. Two extra monetary proportions are the arrival on resources (ROA) and profit for value (ROE). Profit for resources gauges how well resources have been utilized by the executives, while return on valu e when contrasted with return on resources quantifies the degree to which money related influence is working possibly in support of normal investors (Garrison, et. al, 2003). The arrival on resources of Autonomy Corporation in 2010 was 9.02%. The ROA of the organization is better than the business normal of 6.9% (Dun and Bradstreet, 2011). The arrival on value of Autonomy Corporation in 2010 was 14.33%. The ROE of the firm is 6.17% underneath the standard in the product business. The current proportion gauges a company’s capacity to take care of its momentary obligation. The current proportion

Prepare a Report Essay Example

Set up a Report Essay Step by step instructions to Write a Project Report 1. For what reason is the report significant? On the off chance that you wish to make sure about a decent imprint for your undertaking, it is significant that you compose a decent report. It is the report which is stamped, not the program or whatever else you may have built during the task time frame. Regardless of how huge your accomplishments, on the off chance that you don't review your work, and review it well, you will get a poor imprint. It is fundamental to comprehend that the report will be perused and set apart by various analysts (typically 2 4), just one of whom your director will have any commonality with the work which the report depicts. Inspectors are wouldn't fret perusers, and can't give acknowledgment for work which you have done however excluded from the report. 2. What are the inspectors searching for? Each venture report is stamped at first by two analysts, one of whom is the chief. Every analyst fills in an onlineâ mark structure, giving imprints for different parts of the report and a general imprint. Considering the imprint sheet will give you a smart thought of what parts of the report are significant. The notes to inspectors which go with the imprint sheet utilize the terms great, very great, appalling, etc to depict the traits of a specific numerical imprint (e. . 5 is palatable). There is a different report which broadly expounds on what exactly acceptable methods specifically settings, yet Im not certain that these definitions are generally utilized: most inspectors accept that they have a precise and target comprehension of what is agreeable. Note that chiefs may indicate on the imprint sheet that a specific part of the task is to be surveyed for instance, an audit of the undertaking region regardless of whether that territory isn't shrouded in the venture report. We will compose a custom paper test on Prepare a Report explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Prepare a Report explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Prepare a Report explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Choices on what is to be surveyed are the chiefs obligation, yet you ought to know about the standard headings, think cautiously about what you present (or don't present) under each, and talk about and concur it with your manager. Recall that your report is a scholastic paper, not a famous article or business proposition. For instance, as opposed to portraying just a progression of occasions and a last item, attempt to build up rules, present contentions, determine standards, offer and answer conversation starters, measure achievement, break down choices nd so on. Where a venture has been attempted with modern help, the hugeness of that help for the task, and the importance of the undertaking to the supporting business, ought to be talked about. 3. The mechanics of composing The difficult you need to understand is this: to move your own encounters of doing the venture, and the information you have picked up, from your cerebrum onto paper in an intelligible, intelligent and right stru cture. There are a few different ways of accomplishing this. Various creators have various methods. My own technique, which I believe is very normal among specialized writers, is to compose as fast as Possible, without respect for coherency, structure or request, until I have recorded (or rather, composed in) all the focuses I can consider. In the event that my mind is running quicker than my fingers and an idea flies into my head which has a place in another piece of the report, I jump as far as possible of the page and addition a couple of words there to remind me to extend that point later, at that point continue where I was. The point is to move however much applicable material from cerebrum to paper as fast as could be expected. This technique has been known as the cerebrum dump. It is drilled, I think, by certain journalists of fiction just as by specialized creators. Following three hours of cerebrum dumping I may have four or five pages of muddled content. I at that point go through maybe six hours placing the content into request and taking care of the composition, after which I may have three pages of good-quality exposition. This strategy for composing is an iterative procedure, with times of cerebrum dumping substituting with times of cleaning up. At the pace of three pages of cleaned message at regular intervals, a commonplace 60-page PR3 venture report will take you around a month to finish, working all day. You should permit time to set up the reference sections (e. g. program postings) and delineations. Great quality outlines, specifically, set aside a long effort to get ready. You ought to in this way permit at leastâ six weeksâ to compose the report. On the off chance that you kept a scratch pad during the undertaking time frame, you will discover the reviewing procedure a lot simpler. 4. The most effective method to compose well Many understudies show up not to acknowledge that it is so hard to compose well. Any kind of composing (aside from maybe publicizing duplicate) is troublesome, yet specialized composing is especially hard. There are numerous books which address the subject of good specialized composition. By a wide margin the best among those which I have seen is Scientists Must Writeâ by Robert Barrass (1982). In spite of the fact that distributed more than twenty years back, this sublime little book is still in print. There are a few duplicates in the J. B. Morrell library, however since it costs just ? 11. 19 (from the Internet Bookshop), you would be very much encouraged to purchase a duplicate and to peruse it from spread to cover. 4. 1. Exactness You should endeavor first to be completely exact. At the point when you compose, it isn't adequate thatâ youâ know what you mean; nor is it adequate that your composing concedes to the significance which you plan: it must concede to no other importance. What you compose must not be equipped for error. Take uncommon consideration to pick the correct word for the event. Don't, for instance, compose ideal in the event that you mean great. Rough methods close, so estimated implies extremely close which isn't what numerous individuals assume it implies. 4. 2. Power Precision recorded as a hard copy is for the most part a matter of taking adequate consideration. Great composing isn't just exact, in any case, it isâ vigorous, and that is a lot harder to accomplish. It helps on the off chance that you have perused broadly, particularly books. Here are a few indications which may assist you with writing mightily and vivaciously. Lean toward short sentences to long sentences. Lean toward short words to long words, given that the short word has the significance you need. Brevity is an incredible righteousness in specialized composition. (Be that as it may, dont go excessively far; recall Horaces perception: Brevis esse laboro, obscurus fio. ) Avoid circumlocutions. In practically all parts of the figuring commercial center can be supplanted in many settings by all over. The subject of whether to utilize the detached voice in specialized composing is a prickly one. Most more established essayists despite everything compose a program was composed as opposed to I composed a program . A large number of your analysts may share this inclination for, or preference for, the inactive voice, however this style is dropping of favor in all specialized composition, and I encourage you not to utilize it. Whatever you do, don't utilize the illustrious (we composed a program when you mean I composed a program). There is gener al understanding that Latin expressions are best kept away from in specialized composition (however the incidental Latin citation may loan a false quality of education! ) Nevertheless, numerous cautious journalists have their own preferred Latin expressions which find infrequent use. The best guideline is that a Latin expression is adequate on the off chance that it condenses a circumlocutionary English expression. Mutatis mutandis, for instance, one of my own top picks, is admissible instead of rolling out the suitable improvements, since any English gleam is by all accounts monstrous and clumsy. I. e. (note the roman textual style and accentuation) is frequently valuable instead of as it were or that is, and is broadly comprehended. Regularly, be that as it may, X, I. e. , Y can be supplanted by Y, on the grounds that the essayist acknowledged while writing X that Y said the equivalent, just better. E. g. is abused and best utilized sparingly; incline toward for example or for instance. 4. 3. Spelling and language You should take remarkable consideration to spell accurately. Poor spelling is an interruption to the capable peruser. By and large there is almost no reason these days for spelling mistakes; there are numerous superb spell-checker programs which make a great job of finding the blunders for you, and magnificent (paper) word references which will mention to you what the right spelling is. Be particularly cautious with words whose normal incorrect spelling is a right spelling of an alternate word, specifically the accompanying sets: lead/drove; free/lose; influence/impact. It is risky to permit the spell-checker to address an incorrect spelling without anyone else; numerous such clever remedies have been accounted for, for instance as of late in New Scientist. Accept the spell-checker. A lot of individuals, for instance, on finding that the spell-checker addresses idiosyncracy [sic], state to themselves it must be absent from the word reference document, and disregard the word. It is for a valid justification. In the event that you have an ailment which makes it hard for you to spell accurately, ensure that your boss thinks about it, with the goal that it tends to be considered by the analysts. In the event that poor spelling is an interruption which blocks understanding, poor syntax is all the more so. There are such huge numbers of potential linguistic solecisms that it is wrong to endeavor to show them here. Peruse Fowlers Modern English Usageâ for direction. This book has been reconsidered a few times since its first distribution in 1926. The latest (1998) version is most likely the best to utilize, not on the grounds that its suggestions are progressively tolerant or state-of-the-art, but since it causes to notice traps which it would not have happened to Fowler in 1926 that anybody could fall into. The first 1926 release is acclaimed for its enthusiastic, red hot language, which has been progressively watered down in later modifications. Take care with punctuations. Verifiably, t

The Year in Review

The Year in Review I love the holiday season, but not for its parties and food, its celebration and decorations, or its gift-giving and well wishing. I love it more for its signal of the year coming to an end and the promise of the new one to begin. I prefer the days right after the holidays, taking ornaments off the tree to pack them away while drinking cocoa and listening to my Christmas CDs for the last time. I like recycling wrapping paper, cleaning out closets of last year’s coats and donating them, filing paperwork, going through old emails and cleaning up all of my computer desktops. And I especially love all the year in review lists. Because this was my first year in the Admissions office at MIT, I thought I would post 10 highlights of my year in review. And what an awesome year it was! 1. This is a view of  the Charles River during the Fast Light Festival and it also happens to be my nightly walk over the Charles River to my commuter train at Ruggles. Need I say more? 2. The 150th exhibit and all the year-long festivities. The exhibit is only up until December 31 but you can still check it out online. 3.  Bhangra dancing.    It’s everywhere at MIT… at CPW, in our upcoming videos, in lobby 7… and its pretty great. 4. The List Visual Art Center and all the public art on campus. I’m looking forward to the next exhibit in February of the work of New York-based artist Cheyney Thompson. 5. Blogs and more blogs. I love the new look of our admission website with the hand drawn  avatars. And here are a few of my favorite blog posts of the year. Elizabeth singing, Chris doing his Chris thing as only Chris can do  and Lydia’s words of wisdom. 6. The Ivy Plus Conference with my colleagues. Here we are stopping for lunch on the way in Mystic, Connecticut. 7. Fireworks from Killian Court. 8. CPW and eating liquid nitrogen ice cream with Kirsten 9. The Rainbow Lounge. 10. Committee. Long days, hard work, and plenty of laughs. Baby Monkey was sent in someone’s application for fun and it became a theme song for the winter (at least in my head it did.) Warning! The crazy song is addictive. Happy Holidays to all and best wishes for the New Year.

St. Augustine and the Problem of Evil from a Christian Basis

St. Augustine and the Problem of Evil from a Christian Basis In his Confessions, St. Augustine writes about a large number of topics that continue to have relevance today. The text documents the development of Augustine’s faith and his Christian philosophy, and one thing of particular interest is his argument for the nature of evil. Christianity predicates several important ideas that Augustine builds upon in his philosophy, and within its context, he presents a thorough, compelling argument against the problem of evil that identifies evil as a misperception. Augustine first characterizes God based on how he experiences God’s presence and qualities. Augustine searches for Him unsuccessfully in the†¦show more content†¦Love knows it. Eternal truth and true love and beloved eternity: you are my God.† (Augustine, 123) Augustine states that God is the truth and that he who does not know God therefore does not know the truth. God’s goodness is additionally characterized by eternity, eternal truth, and true love. If God is eternal truth, then his true love must also be eternal because of the eternal nature inherent to its trueness. Taken together, the three qualities of God that Augustine explicitly states above are each eternal as expected. If they are eternal, then they are also by definition infinite, meaning that God’s goodness is infinite because it is defined by His truth and love. God created everything, including man in His likeness, and God is supremely good as discussed by Augustine and in The Bible. Thus, everything, which He created, must also be good but of a degree lesser than His own because it is not God. The fact that goodness is measured on an infinite scale is important because it means that something, which is good by nature of its creation, will always have some degree of goodness. Based on God’s qualities and those of His creations, Augustine classifies two states of existence. The first is the state that God exists in, which Augustine calls ‘Being,’ and the second, for all things that He creates, is being. Just as God transcends his creations, so does his state of BeingShow MoreRelatedSt. Augustine s Life1594 Words   |  7 PagesSt. Augustine was born in Taagaste, Roman North Africa on November 13, 354 AD and was given the name Aurelius by his parents Patricius and Monica Augustine. At the time of his birth, his father was still a pagan, but his mother eventually converted him to Christianity (Chadwick 6). Aurelius was raised receiving a Christian education and from a very young age, he had a great respect for the religion. He learned to make the Sign of the Cross and certain ideas about the faith he kept very dear to hisRead MoreAugustine s Confessions And St. Paul Essay1979 Words   |  8 PagesConfessions and St. Paulà ¢â‚¬â„¢s First Letter to the Corinthians, both authors discuss the relationship between fleshy temptation and the purity of the spirit. The Confessions is Augustine’s writes of his extensive search for truth and conversion to Christianity, as he struggles against fleshy temptations and his soul to find rest in God. Augustine’s writes of a constant struggle to reconcile between the dualistic notion of the flesh and spirit with a nuanced understanding of flesh. On the other hand, St. Paul’sRead MoreOriginal Sin1617 Words   |  7 PagesDoctrines are used as a foundation to Christian beliefs. They serve to many churches as fundamentals in the direction their members chose to live their lives. It is important to understand the historical backgrounds of the doctrines that pertain to ones particular beliefs. I will be discussing this very information for the doctrine of original sin. The doctrine of original sin mostly pertains to the Roman Catholic religion. I will be covering when, where, and why the doctrine was originated. OriginalRead MoreEssay on Original sin1612 Words   |  7 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Doctrines are used as a foundation to Christian beliefs. They serve to many churches as fundamentals in the direction their members chose to live their lives. It is important to understand the historical backgrounds of the doctrines that pertain to one’s particular beliefs. I will be discussing this very information for the doctrine of original sin. The doctrine of original sin mostly pertains to the Roman Catholic religion. I will be covering when, where, and why theRead MoreOntology of Man, Seen by Different Philosophers1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe philosophy of man is an intricate and multidimensional system involving complex problems rationalized by theoretical ideals. In writing the Oration on the Dignity of Man, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola approaches this study universally, wherein, humanism and the worth and dignity of the populace is affirmed. Saint Augustines Confessions attempts to explain the truth and philosophies of man, but does so with a different approach, referring to man as a product of society self-consciouslyRead MoreEssay about Christianity And The Just War Theory668 Words   |  3 Pagesmoral justification for Christians’ involvement in war? The Just War Theory is a set of criteria that are used to judge whether a war is morally justifiable. It was St Augustine in the third century that formulated the Just War theory, and was formalised 10 centuries later by Thomas Aquinas. There are seven criteria by which a war can be judged to be just. Among the rules are Just Cause – there must be a very good reason for going to war, such as protecting your country from invasion. There shouldRead MoreThe Traditional and Modern Theories of Theodicy: An Analysis2725 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿The role of art, when delving into human suffering and matters of good and evil, ought to be that of a delivering agent, designed to extract a form of universal truth from the very consciousness of the observer, and act as mirror for humanitys dual reality. The present paper aims to analyze the traditional and modern theories of theodicy in relation to literature, insofar as literary works such as Vladimir Nabokovs Lolita or Fyodor Dostoy evskys The Brothers Karamazov owe their widely acknowledgedRead MoreFreedom and Determinism Essay2348 Words   |  10 Pagescompletely undetermined choice between alternatives was introduced. However, it is unclear how to reconcile contemporary science that acknowledges the influence of external forces and unconscious action with free will. These seeming inconsistencies are the basis for determinism, which the Collins English Dictionary defines as the philosophical doctrine that all events including human actions and choices are fully determined by preceding events and states of affairs, and so that freedom of choice is illusoryRead MoreA Review of Ethics Concepts Theories2669 Words   |  11 PagesEducational Objectives: 1. Explain the type of problem that is addressed by philosophers. 2. Explain how ethical norms help address ethical issues that arise in accountancy. 3. Contrast the views of Mills, Machiavelli and Kant. 4. Describe what is meant by a social contract. 5. Analyze a given situation and tell why it would be appropriate or inappropriate to lie. 6. Explain the views of Kierkegaard and contrast him from other existentialists. 7. Discuss the conceptRead MoreMoral Views on Abortion and Euthanasia Essay3100 Words   |  13 Pages nationwide debate was instigated in Britain, regarding whether abortion was a violation of the sanctity of life. Pro-life groups were angered by the legalisation of abortion, many believing that abortion was to destroy a sacred gift from God. Pro-choice groups, on the other hand, welcomed the reform, as they believed women should have the freedom to decide what is best for themselves. The debate continues today, and these groups have not subsided with their vigorous

Business Operations And Development Human Resource...

BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT July 11 2015 MANAGE HUMAN RESOURCE AS A MANAGER IN A BUSINESS OPERATION. Unit standard 19022 LEVEL - 6 Version - 3 Credits - 12 Submitted by - Ramanpreet Singh Student ID - ND 15402 Outcome 1: Establish human resource requirements for a business operation a) Taking into account the sudden drop in students from one of NZAB main markets India, provide an outline for the most favorable or desirable organizational structure for NZAB new current situation. The new organizational structure should be outlined in terms of the functions and activities of the business operation. b) Use a diagram to support your explanation of the outline. ïÆ'Ëœ Managing Director: In NZAB managing director is the person who is responsible for all the strategies of the board of NZAB. Responsibilities of managing director are :- †¢ Direct and control the work and resources of NZAB. †¢ To provide strategic advice and guidance to the chairman or executive director. ïÆ'Ëœ Executive Director: The role of executive director in NZAB is that the person who is executive director he/she is specified person for decision making for all the marketing operations working under executive director. ïÆ'Ëœ Academic Director: Academic director is the specified programmer leader of NZAB. Who is recruiting staff for the appropriate department. He/she is the person who is lookingShow MoreRelatedBusiness Operation And Development : Human Resource Management Essay4152 Words   |  17 Pages Unit Standard 19022 Business Operation and Development – Human Resource Management Jitender Singh Level 6, Credit – 12. â€Æ' Outcome 1: Establish human resource requirements for a business operation. a) Taking into account the sudden drop in students from one of the NZAB main markets in India provide an outline for the most favorable or desirable organization structure for NZAB new current situation. The new organization structure should be outline in term of the functions and the activityRead MoreBusiness Operation And Development : Human Resource Management Essay4290 Words   |  18 Pages Student: Tushar Dobariya Student ID (15693) Sub: Business operation and development Human resource management (19022) Question 1:- Answer (A) †¢ The IT program leader should be qualified and well educated as well as well experienced in IT industry. He/ she know basic things of work related to IT such as ZAVA, LINUX, and MICROSOFT. †¢ The program leader of plans and English dialect studies office will take care of English. Follow the instructors and verify that as opposed toRead MoreHuman Resources Management Principles For A Profitable Professional Service Organizations865 Words   |  4 Pagesuse management principles to maximize profitability. The importance of management principles include; â€Å"improves understanding, direction for training of manager, role of management and guide to research in management† (MSG Management Study Guide., 2015). In this paper we will discuss the difference between; human resources management principles compared to operations management principles and project management principles compared to operations management principles. Each of these management principlesRead MoreHuman Resorce Management vs. Operations Management vs.Preoject Management737 Words   |  3 PagesOrlandus Leonard Human Resources Management vs. Operational Management Kaplan University MT 435 Operations Management Human Resources Management and Operational Management are two very distinct managements that are strangely co-dependent of each other in my view. Operations Management is responsible for designing, operating and improving productive systems or in layman’s terms, systems for getting work done. Operations Managers are found in all walks of life. In anything you basically doRead MoreEssay on MBA detail course outline1314 Words   |  6 Pages(Evening): 1.5 years (Quarters, 3, 4, 7, 8 14) General Management 1st Quarter Effective : Spring Quarter 2011 Human Resource Management Finance Accounting Banking Finance †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Research Methods †¢ Research Methods †¢ ResearchRead MoreInformation Technology ( It ) Is A Universal And Versatile Tool1646 Words   |  7 Pageswould lose my way. In addition, I can order pizza or anything else in the internet. In business, we cannot without it. We used for information-based system, intranet, and paperless system at work. We need a financial management system to deal with the financial things, and Decision Support System can help and support the decision and strategy. Along with IT developingï ¼Å'it is more and more important in business. It can strengthen enterprise competitiveness and promote enterprise reform. In the pastRead MoreResource Management At Apple Inc.1146 Words   |  5 PagesResource Management Resource management is another interesting and important topic in the business of various organizations engaged in the manufacturing and sale of goods and service. Several organizations in the technology industry have managed to make investments in this industry, and thus it is important to monitor the use of various resources to avoid wastage. Resource management is currently considered as a strategy that is focused on reducing the cost of production and thus reducing the costRead MoreA Business Life Cycle Of Assessing, Planning, And Acting The Data From The Assessment Phase1383 Words   |  6 PagesThrough a business life cycle of assessing, planning, and acting the data from the assessment phase is key to the success of other two phases. As the business cycles between planning and acting the results of activity need to be analyzed and incorporated into the adjustment of plans. During the assessment phase business leaders place an emphasis on measured business performance analysis to inform the planning phase (or the highest level of planning, strategy development). The empirical data derivedRead MoreTEN OPERATION MANAGEMENT DECISIONS1005 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Definitions of Operations management Operations management  refers to the administration of business practices to create the highest level of efficiency possible within an organization.  Operations management  is concerned with converting materials and labor into goods and services as efficiently as possible to maximize the profit of an organization. Operations management  is an area of  management  concerned with overseeing, designing, and controlling the process of  production  and redesigning  business operations  inRead MoreWhat Role Do Hrm Practices Play in a Business Decision to Expand Internationally?1327 Words   |  6 PagesPractices Play In A Business Decision To Expand Internationally? Ilein Arteaga 2608214 Florida International University HRM CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION OF BUSINESS Human Resource practices play a great role in the international expansion of businesses. With globalization being the current trend in businesses all over the world, success of international business units depends heavily on the effective performance of the Human Resource department (Edwards

The Influence of the Renaissance on English Literature Free Essays

string(91) " but it was written in Latin \(1516\) and only later \(1555\) was translated into English\." Introduction: It is difficult to date or define the Renaissance. Etymologically the term, which was first used in England only as late as the nineteenth century, means’ â€Å"re-birth†. Broadly speaking, the Renaissance implies that re-awakening of learning which came to Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of the Renaissance on English Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Renaissance was not only an English but a European phenomenon; and basically considered, it signalised a thorough substitution of the medieval habits of thought by new attitudes. The dawn of the Renaissance came first to Italy and a little later to France. To England it came much later, roughly about the beginning of the sixteenth century. As we have said at the outset, it is difficult to date the Renaissance; however, it may be mentioned that in Italy the impact of Greek learning was first felt when after the Turkish conquest of Constantinople the Greek scholars fled and took refuge in Italy carrying with them a vast treasure of ancient Greek literature in manuscript. The study of this literature fired the soul and imagination of the Italy of that time and created a new kind of intellectual and aesthetic culture quite different from that of the Middle Ages. The light of the Renaissance came very slowly to the isolated island of England, so that when it did come in all its brilliance in the sixteenth century, the Renaissance in Italy had already become a spent force. It is difficult to define the Renaissance, but its broad implications in England do not defy discussion. Michelet exaggeratedly calls the Renaissance â€Å"discovery by mankind of himself and of the world. This is, indeed, too sweeping. More correctly we can say that the following are the implications of the Renaissance in England : (a) First, the Renaissance meant the death of mediaeval scholasticism which had for long been keeping human thought in bondage. The schoolmen got themselves entangled in useless controversies and tried to apply the principles of Aristotelean . philosophy t o the doctrines of Christianity, thus giving birth to a vast literature characterised by polemics, casuistry, and sophistry which did not advance man in any way. b) Secondly, it signalised a revolt against spiritual authority-the authority of the Pope. The Reformation, though not part of the revival of learning, was yet a companion movement in England. This defiance of spiritual authority went hand in hand with that of intellectual authority. Renaissance intellectuals distinguished themselves by their flagrant anti-authoritarianism. (c) Thirdly, the Renaissance implied a greater perception of beauty and polish in the Greek and Latin scholars. This beauty and this polish were sought by Renaissance men of letters to be incorporated in their native literature. Further, it meant the birth of a kind of imitative tendency implied in the term â€Å"classicism. † (d) Lastly, the Renaissance marked a change from the theocentric to the homocentric conception of the universe. Human life, pursuits, and even body came to be glorified. â€Å"Human life†, as G. H. Mair observes, â€Å"which the mediaeval Church had taught them [the people] to regard but as a threshold and stepping-stone to eternity, acquired suddenly a new momentousness and value. . The â€Å"otherworldliness† gave place to â€Å"this-worldliness†. Human values came to be recognised as permanent values, and they were sought to be enriched and illumined by the heritage of antiquity. This bred a new kind of paganism and marked the rise of humanism as also, by implication, materialism. Let us now consider the impact of the Renaissance on the va rious departments of English literature. Non-creative Literature: Naturally enough, the first impact of the Renaissance in England was registered by the universities, being the repositories of all learning. Some English scholars, becoming aware of the revival of learning in Italy, went to that country to benefit by it and to examine personally the manuscripts brought there by the fleeing Greek scholars of Constantinople. Prominent among these scholars were William Grocyn (14467-1519), Thomas Linacre (1460-1524), and John Colet (14677-1519). After returning from Italy they organised the teaching of Greek in Oxford. They were such learned and reputed scholars of Greek that Erasmus came all the way from Holland to learn Greek from them. Apart from scholars, the impact of the Renaissance is also; in a measure, to be seen on the work of the educationists of the age. Sir Thomas Elyot (14907-1546) wrote the Governour (1531) which is a treatise on moral philosophy modelled on Italian works and full of the spirit of Roman antiquity. Other educationists were Sir John Cheke (1514-57), Sir Thomas Wilson (1525-81), and Sir Roger Ascham (1515-68). Out of all the educationists the last named is the most important, on account of his Scholemaster published two years after his death. Therein he puts forward his views on the teaching of the classics. His own style is too obviously based upon the ancient Roman writers. â€Å"By turns†, remarks Legouis, â€Å"he imitates Cicero’s periods and Seneca’s nervous conciseness†. In addition to these well-known educationists must be mentioned the sizable number of now obscure ones—†those many unacknowledged, unknown guides who, in school and University, were teaching men to admire and imitate the masterpieces of antiquity† (Legouis). Prose: The most important prose writers who exhibit well the influence of the Renaissance on English prose are Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, Lyly, and Sidney. The first named was a Dutchman who, as we have already said, came to Oxford to learn Greek. His chief work was The Praise of Folly which is the English translation of his most important work-written in England. It is, according to Tucker Brook, â€Å"the best expression in literature of the attack that the Oxford reformers were making upon the medieval system. † Erasmus wrote this work in 1510 at the house of his friend Sir Thomas More who was executed at the bidding of Henry VIII for his refusal to give up his allegiance to the ‘ Pope. More’s famous prose romance Utopia was, in the words of Legouis, â€Å"true prologue to the Renaissance. † It was the first book written by an Englishman which achieved European fame; but it was written in Latin (1516) and only later (1555) was translated into English. You read "The Influence of the Renaissance on English Literature" in category "Papers" Curiously enough, the next work by an English man again to acquire Euro pean fame-Bacon’s Novum Organwn-was also written originally in Latin. The word â€Å"Utopia† is from Greek â€Å"ou topos† meaning â€Å"no place†. More’s Utopia is an imaginary island which is the habitat of an ideal republic. By the picture of the ideal state is implied a kind of social criticism of contemporary England. More’s indebtedness to Plato’s Republic is quite obvious. However, More seems also to be indebted to the then recent discoveries of the explorers and navigators-like Columbus and Vasco da Gama who were mostly of Spanish and Portuguese nationalities. In Utopia, More discredits mediaevalism in all its implications and exalts the ancient Greek culture. Legouis observes about this work : â€Å"The Utopians are in revolt against the spirit of chivalry : they hate warfare and despise soldiers. Communism is the law of the land; all are workers for only a limited number of hours. Life should be pleasant for all; asceticism is condemned. More relies on the goodness of human nature, and intones a hymn to the glory of the senses which reveal nature’s wonders. In Utopia all religions are authorized, and tolerance is the law. Scholasticism is scoffed at, and Greek philosophy preferred to that of Rome. From one end to the other of the book More reverses medieval beliefs. † More’s Utopia created a new genre in which can be classed such works as Bacon’s The New Atlantis (1626), Samuel Butler’s Erewhon (1872), W. H. Mallock’s The New Republic (1877), Richard Jefferies’ After London (1885), W. H. Hudson’s The Crystal Age (1887), William Morris† News from Nowhere, and H. G. Well’s A Modern Utopia (1905). Passing on to the prose writers of the Elizabethan age-the age of the flowering of the Renaissance-we find them markedly influenced both in their style and thought-content by the revival of the antique classical learning. Sidney in Arcadia, Lyly in Euphues, and Hooker in The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity write an English which is away from the language of common speech, and is either too heavily laden—as in the case of Sidney and Lyly-with bits of classical finery, or modelled on Latin syntax, as in the case of Hooker. Cicero ? eemed to these writers a verv obvious and respectable model. Bacon, however, in his sententiousness and cogency comes near Tacitus and turns away from the prolixity, diffuseness, and ornamentation associated with Ciceronian prose. Further, in his own career and his Essays, Bacon stands as a representative of the materialistic, Machiavellian facet of the Renaissance, particularly of Renaissance Italy. He combines in himself the dispassionate pursuit of truth and the keen desire for material advance. Poetry: Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-42) and the Earl of Surrey (15177-47) were pioneers of the new poetry in England. After Chaucer the spirit of English poetry had slumbered for upward of a century. The change in pronunciation in the fifteenth century had created a lot of confusion in prosody which in the practice of such important poets as Lydgate and Skelton had been reduced to a mockery. â€Å"The revival†, as Legoius says, â€Å"was an uphill task; verse had to be drawn from the languor to which it had sunk in Stephen Hawes, and from the disorder in which a Skelton had plunged it; all had to e done anew†. It was Wyatt and Surrey who came forward to do it. As Mair puts it, it is with â€Å"these two courtiers that the modern English poetry begins. † Though they wrote much earlier, it was only in 1557, a year before Elizabeth’s coronation, that their work was published in Tottel’s Miscellany which is, according to G. H. Mair, â€Å"one of the landmarks of En glish literature. † Of the two, Wyatt had travelled extensively in Italy and France and had come under the spell of Italian Renaissance. It must be remembered that the work of Wyatt and Surrey does not reflect the impact of the Rome of antiquity alone,. but also that of modern Italy. So far as versification is concerned, Wyatt and Surrey imported into England various new Italian metrical patterns. Moreover, they gave English poetry a new sense of grace, dignity, delicacy, and harmony which was found by them lacking iil the works of Chaucer and the Chaucerians alike. Further, they Were highly influenced by the love poetry of Petrarch and they did their best to imitate it. Petrarch’s love poetry is of the courtly kind, in which the pining lover is shown as a â€Å"servant† of his mistress with his heart tempest-tossed by her neglect and his mood varying according to her absence or presence. There is much of idealism, if not downright artificiality, in this kind of love poetry. It goes to the credit of Wyatt to have introduced the sonnet into English literature, and of Surrey to have first written blank verse. Both the sonnet and blank verse were later to be practised by a vast number of the best English poets. According to David Daiches. Wyatt’s sonnets represent one of the most interesting movements toward metrical discipline to be found in English literary history. † Though in his sonnets he did not employ regular iambic pentameters yet he created a sense of discipline among the poets of his times who had forgotten the lesson and example of Chaucer and, like Skelton, were writing â€Å"ragged† and â€Å"jagged† lines which jarred so unpleasantly upon the ear. As Tillyard puts it, Wyatt â€Å"let the Renaissance into English verse† by importing Italian and French patterns of sentiment as well as versification. He wrote in all thirty-two sonnets out of which seventeen are adaptations of Petrarch. Most of them (twenty-eight) have the rhyme-scheme of Petarch’s sonnets; that is, each has the octave a bbaabba and twenty-six out of these twenty-eight have the c d d c e e sestet. Only in the last three he comes near what is called the Shakespearean formula, that is, three quatrains and a couplet. In the thirtieth sonnet he exactly produced it; this sonnet rhymes a b a b, a b a b, a b a b, c c. Surrey wrote about fifteen or sixteen sonnets out of which ten use the Shakespearean formula which was. to enjoy the greatest popularity among the sonneteers of the sixteenth century. Surrey’s work is characterised by . exquisite grace and tenderness which we find missing from that of Wyatt. Moreover, he is a better craftsman and gives greater harmony to his poetry. Surrey employed blank verse in his translation of the fourth book of The Aeneid, the work which was first translated into English verse by Gavin Douglas a generation earlier, but in heroic couplets. Drama: The revival of ancient classical learning scored its first clear impact on English drama in the middle of the sixteenth century. Previous to this impact there had been a pretty vigorous native tradition of drama, particularly comedy. This tradition had its origin in the liturgical drama and had progressed through the miracle and the mystery, and later the morality, to the interlude. John Heywood had written quite a few vigorous interludes, but they were altogether different in tone, spirit, and purpose from the Greek and Roman drama of antiquity. The first English regular tragedy Gorboduc (written by Sackville and Norton, and first acted in 1562) and comedy Ralph Roister Doister (written about 1550 by Nicholas Udall) were very much imitations of classical tragedy and comedy. It is interesting to note that English dramatists came not under the spell of the ancient Greek dramatists â€Å"(Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the tragedy writers, and Aristophanes, the comedy writer) but the Roman dramatists (Seneca, the tragedy writer, and Plautus and. Terence! the comedv writers). It was indeed unfortunate, as Greek drama is vastly superior to Roman drama. Gpfboduc is a s’avish imitation of Senecan tragedy and has all its features without much of its life. Like Senecan tragedy it has revenge as the tragic —otive, has most of its important incidents (mostly murders) narrated on the -stage by messengers, has much of rhetoric and verbose declamation, has a ghost among its dramatis personae, and so forth. ‘. â€Å". is indeed a good instance of the â€Å"blood and thunder† kind’ of tragedy. Ralph Roister Doister is modelled upon Plautus and Terence. It is based on the stupid endeavours of the hero for winning the love of a married woman. There is the cunning, merry slave-Matthew Merrygreek-a descendant of the Plautine slave who serves as the motive power which keeps the play going. Later on, the â€Å"University Wits† struck a note of independence in their dramatic work. They refused to copy Roman drama as slavishly as the writers of Gorboduc and Roister Doister. Even so, their plays are not free from the impact of the Renaissance; rather they show it as amply, though not in the same way. In their imagination they were all fired by the new literature which showed them new dimensions of human capability. They were humanists through and through. All of them—Lyly, Greene, Peele, Nashe, Lodge, Marlowe, and Kyd-show in their dramatic work not, of course, a slavish tendency to ape the ancients but a chemical action of Renaissance learning on the native genius fired by the enthusiasm of discovery and aspiration so typical of the Elizabethan age. In this respect Marlowe stands in the fore-front of the University Wits. Rightly has he been called â€Å"the true child of the Renaissance†. How to cite The Influence of the Renaissance on English Literature, Papers

The clinical management of bipolar disorder - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about The clinical management of bipolar disorder. Answer: Upon the assessment of the complications affecting John Thompson post BPAD treatment with Sodium Valproate, it was acknowledged that by addressing the most critical problem, Johns recovery would be increasingly shortened. The main problem for John is the worsening mood he developed and increased symptoms over the last 3 weeks. Johns behavior has become erratic over the previous two weeks. Johns condition has worsened to a level that he disappeared and exhausted family bank account by investing a hoax property deal overseas. There is a link between the post-BPAD Sodium Valproate treatment and the johns recovery time, which further contributes to additional commodities including quality of life, mood, and depression (Connolly Thase, 2011). The focus of this clinical questions, therefore, is to determine what is known about the effect of post-Sodium Valproate treatment on BPAD recovery time for the BPAD treatment and ongoing case management. Thus, using the PICO (T) approach for the de velopment of a focused, answerable question with appropriate keywords, the following question was effectively formulated. References Connolly, K. R., Thase, M. E. (2011). The clinical management of bipolar disorder: a review of evidence-based guidelines.The primary care companion for CNS disorders,13(4).

America Saying Essays - California Culture, Counterculture, Fashion

America Saying I hear this America screaming, "Our time so greatness is at hand!" Relieving us of knowledge, repressing the boldest new ideas Belligerance the song of their band I hear this America screaming, "Close the door to the mind!" mocking new ideas opppressing alternate religion dogmatizing those of its kind I hear this america screaming, "We'll fight for our country!" building another weapon tossing aside the hippies' please dropping bombs headed for the next century I hear this america screaming, "Come join us! Be free!"...but i'll build my own house i'll light my own fire i'll do anything...that i feel...is me

Essay Darrow Aluminum

Essay Darrow Aluminum Essay Darrow Aluminum Size-Up and Key Factors Macroeconomic and Industry Conditions The bond yield curve supports the belief that the US economy is expected to grow in the near term (yields are increasing over time). The aluminum industry is mature in North America, although growth is not expected to decline. The aluminum industry does not appear to have significant barriers to entry. Aluminum products appear to be commoditized, ie there is no easy way of differentiating based on product attributes and hence companies in this industry likely have to compete on price. Export markets, specifically emerging markets, represent a source of growing demand for aluminum products. This is an attractive opportunity for firms in the industry, representing both a potential source of revenue growth as well as diversification and risk mitigation. However, this is not entirely risk-free, as it would expose firms to more complicated operational challenges as well as currency risk. There are also considerations surrounding ease of entry and domestic competition within emerging markets – Darrow LPC has no significant presence in emerging markets and may not be able to price competitively with domestic producers of similar products on account of its exclusively (higher-cost – unionized workforce etc.) North American operations. Borrowing costs for firms are rising. The prime rate is on the rise, lending options for smaller companies are limited – large banks have no interest in financing small-scale deals - and the required rate of return from venture capital is fairly high at ~25% and would entail the imposition of covenants. Aluminum demand is still largely driven by demand within the United States and other Western countries, but growth is expected in developing economies. Continued demand for Aluminum LPC products in the United States, expected to be at around 2%, combined with even greater emerging market demand, indicate that demand for LPC products will continue to grow in the near-term. Aluminum foil packaging products, the LPC Division’s primary product in terms of revenues at present, is considered a major source of growth and profit potential. Secondary aluminum markets are on the rise due to lower cost, convenience and growing customer acceptance. This could represent a significant threat to operating margins should the growth of secondary markets place downward pressure on the price for aluminum products. The price of aluminum is volatile, fluctuating between $1100 and $1325 per tonne in just a two-year span. Further, the price of aluminum is expected to rise to $1600 by 1996. This could raise input costs significantly, hurting margins and creating the potential of increased competition from substitute products manufactured from a different material should the price of aluminum make other substitutes more attractive or less costly. Internal Considerations Darrow LPC is largely reliant on supplying foil to the tobacco industry, which accounts for 67% of their sales. Moreover its contract with Feldman, its largest customer, does not specify a minimum volume to be supplied. This is a significant risk as the tobacco industry would generally be considered an industry in decline in the United States at this time. Darrow’s aluminum and steel cable wrap products, although accounting for a much smaller percentage of revenue than foil packaging at this time, are experiencing rapid growth. Insulation wrap demand would be subject to cyclicality due to its association with residential construction. This isn’t a concern in the short-term given anticipated economic growth in the US and abroad, but could face sharp decline should that not prove to be the case. Darrow LPC has a young and capable management team and experienced executives in Dillon and Bennet. Darrow LPC has a unionized workforce. Although labour relations are generally considered good, this suggests a higher cost structure than could be achieved by

Strabucks Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strabucks Case - Essay Example Simply, there are no unimportant customers. However, before drawing any recommendations, a careful analysis of the situation should be made. Especially I would like to focus on the three key points in the whole story. First, final costs of settling the issue with the dissatisfied customer, who went on anti-Starbucks ad campaign, are much greater than the initial costs of satisfying the client, who returned his defective cappuccino maker. Second, during the investigation of the case by Starbucks the customer was disturbed so many times, that his dissatisfaction had grown greatly, almost turning into aggression. He had to tell his story to every manager he talked to, and had to face several weak attempts of compromising before his demands were satisfied. Third, problems with Starbucks coffee makers did truly happen. It can be concluded from a wave of phone calls on the phone line established by the furious customer. "Upon the first advertisement's appearance, Dorosin received a "ton of calls." He said he had received thousands of calls, from customers, competitors and employees who felt Starbucks misrepresented themselves to the public." (Barr et al 1998) Therefore, Starbucks did perform badly. In fact the customer was so upset, that this issue has overgrown the simple financial compensation. What he though Starbucks should do is to apologize. The point is in moral compensation, not just financial. This fact is supported by $20,000 spent by client on the case: "He set up a toll-free line with six telephones installed in his small scuba shop and hired extra employees to answer the calls. In one year he received about 6,000 responses. His total estimated outlay: $20,000." (Kalis and Leaf 1999) The media attention to the situation made the position of Starbucks even more complicated. Now let us turn to Starbucks profile and background. The company has been developing rapidly since 1988, offering various coffee drinks and beverages, operating through its own stores. The company's competitive advantage was based on three whales: highly differentiated offers, suitable position of its stores, and a great attention paid to customers. "Customer service was a key ingredient to Starbucks' success. One of the five guiding principles of the company was 'Develop enthusiastically satisfied customers all of the time.'" (Barr et al 1998) It was the reason people preferred the large corporation offering rather expensive beverages to tiny comfortable cafes. In the light of this strategy a weak decision of replacing Dorosin's and his friend's machines with two new ones at a cost of $270 instead of top-of-the-line cappuccino maker priced $2500 and apology looked very bad. From the external viewpoint it looks like, not only the company has failed to deliver its services to customer on the proper level of quality, but also tried to pinch pennies on the compensation. After all, what is one top-of-the-line machine to Starbucks in compare to its brand image Nothing. If given a decent amount of attention from the Starbucks' management the issue would have been resolved without unnecessary noise in the media. The hysteria raised by press was even more uncomfortable, because Starbucks experienced another problem: the company was accused in the elimination of local coffee businesses throughout the country, which could not match to the corporation. "'I like supporting a local business,' says Conrick, a

Accountants and Management Accountants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Accountants and Management Accountants - Essay Example There is a cost incurred whenever an item is sold. This cost is however, hard to estimate when parts of the inventories were purchased at different prices (Roychowdhury 2004). This calls for adoption of an inventory accounting method so as to assign each item an expense so as to avoid losses. The costing method adopted always does not affect inventory physical flow but affects the value of the inventory. Accounting methods adopted are FIFO, LIFO, and Weighted Average Cost (WAC) among others (Drury 2012). Â  FIFO (First in First Out) is based on the assumption that the inventories that are bought first are sold first and those bought later are sold later (Roychowdhury 2004). FIFO is commonly used by entities that deal in goods with sh lifespan. These goods need to be sold before their expiry dates so as to avoid losses that may result. FIFO method is common in small business entities. As the Roychowdhury (2004) reports, use of FIFO is advantageous because of its usefulness in cases w here small numbers of transactions are involved and where price of materials is falling. Customers are likely to buy more products at low prices and hence exhausting the stock. It also helps in sorting out the difficulties associated with bulky goods with unit prices and consequently avoiding loses while maximizing profits. The business may be able to avoid quality deterioration of the stored goods as the goods are sold in the order of their arrival. This makes perishable goods and other goods with short shelf life to be sold before the expiry date. In addition FIFO facilitates the implication of current market price in the value of the closing stock of materials. This makes FIFO be sensitive to the market changes. It is very useful where the prices are falling. This is because the product demand is likely to rise and hence attracting more customers. With FIFO, materials are utilized in the order of their purchase hence making it to be a logical process. This is the most economical procedure of utilization of materials as the cost of their handling is greatly reduced. On the other hand, FIFO is disadvantageous as it is not useful in the situations that involve many inventories bought during same period but at different prices. This is because their flow rate is not the same hence some may expire still in stock. FIFO method cannot be used to achieve the objective of matching current costs with the current revenues. In the events of inflation, FIFO leads to exaggerated profit. Also if the material’s prices rapidly rise, the production cost may be understated hence causing enormous losses. When consignments are received frequently at varying prices, there is increased possibility of errors if the store ledger clerk does not carefully ascertain the prices to be charged on goods. It can also lead to a confusion in the of charging prices of goods produced at the fluctuating cost of materials as they need different pricing which may interfere with the demand. This is per the Roychowdhury (2004). LIFO (Last-In-First-Out Method) is based on the assumption that the last inventories bought are sold first while those bought first are sold last (Roychowdhury 2004). The materials are valued as per the latest purchase prices. The earliest price of materials is used to value the closing stocks. LIFO is very useful in cases of rising prices as the material is issued at current market price. The application of the LIFO is advantageous as Roychowdhury (2004) points out. It is very beneficial in cases where matching of cost and revenue is required as the goods can be sold at any time but long enough to be appropriately

The Journey Of Mahatma Gandhi Religion Essay

The Journey Of Mahatma Gandhi Religion Essay Movie: Gandhi (1982) directed by Richard Attenborough and starring Ben Kingsley in the title role. This movie won 9 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Screenplay and Best Cinematography. This movie depicts the journey of Mahatma Gandhi from the sole colored (racial discrimination inflicted on him) practicing advocate in South Africa, who is thrown out of a train at Pietermaritzburg on his refusal to shift to a third class coach while holding a valid first class ticket to the leader using the principles of non-violent resistance on behalf of Indian immigrants to his relocation to his mother land, India and inspiring the millions of fellow citizens by his charismatic leadership skills. The movie also portrays his individuality and relationships with his family, close-associates, friends and leaders of Indian Congress Party. Additionally, the principles followed by Mahatma Gandhi are represented fairly with the right blend of external factors including the British policies, poverty prevalent in rural India and discrimination issues affecting his decisions, outlook and strategies adopted together with the building of his Ashram. Who was Gandhi? Mr. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, bestowed with the title of Mahatma  [1]  (Hindi word for great soul), lovingly called Bapu (Hindi word for father) by his followers, is the Father of nation  [2]  of India, who not only raised his voice for Swaraj (home rule for India) and taught his countrymen to fight against the British empire, but led the world to believe and still follow his principles of truth and non-violence. Mahatma Gandhi was a qualified Barrister, studied law in University College of London, lead a simple life with his wife, Kasturbai Makhanji and four sons, Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas and Devdas. Though a Hindu by birth, he believed in spirituality and not strict adherence to religious beliefs. The dialogue from the movie Gandhi clearly reveals the same: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I will begin with the Bible where the words of the Lord are, Love thy neighbor as thyself and then our beloved Gita which says, The world is a garment worn by God, thy neighbor is in truth thyself and finally the Holy Koran, We shall remove all hatred from our hearts and recline on couches face to face, a band of brothers  [3]  . It is easier to explain the austerity of this great leader by borrowing the condolences of Edward R. Murrow from the 1982 movie Gandhi: ..Mahatma Gandhi was not a commander of great armies nor ruler of vast lands, he could boast no scientific achievements, no artistic gift. Yet men, governments and dignitaries from all over the world have joined hands today to pay homage to this little brown man in the loincloth who led his country to freedom Guiding principles and followers: Mahatma Gandhi followed the following 11 vows  [4]  throughout his life: non-violence, truth, non stealing, self discipline, non-possession, Bread labor, control of the palate, Fearlessness, equality of all religions, use of only locally made goods and removal of untouchability. These vows were envisaged in his book Yervada Mandir. He was unperturbed by the consequences that could follow on pursuing these principles, which undoubtedly made him the unique leader of East inspiring leaders across the globe, including Martin Luther King and James Lawson, drew from the writings of Gandhi in the development of their own theories about non-violence. Anti-apartheid activist and former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, was inspired by Gandhi. Others include Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Steve Biko, Aung San Suu Kyi and Philippine opposition leader during the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, Benigno Aquino, Jr.  [5]  The Time Magazine in December, 1999 edition named The 14th Dalai Lama, Lech WaÅ‚Äâ„ ¢sa, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Cesar Chavez, Aung San Suu Kyi, Benigno Aquino, Jr., Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela as Children of Gandhi and his spiritual heirs to non-violence.  [6]   His journey, from a briefless barrister  [7]  in Bombay to the half naked Indian fakir  [8]  to the champion of the cause of non-violence and equality, was full of thorns in the form of assorted problems faced by him as well as roses as the numerous followers. Innumerable writers and leaders world-over have diverse opinion about the greatest spiritual and political leader of India. Whether people follow the principles of Mahatma Gandhi or they loathe him, his immense work cannot be ignored. In the words of Martin Luther King Jr. in the year 1955: Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the tactics.  [9]  The person of the century  [10]  Albert Einstein in his condolence message declared that Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and blood. Johanna Macgeary, a journalist with Time magazine quoted: His generation knew him as a radical political agitator; ours shrugs off a holy man with romantic notions of a pure, pre-industrial life. Further reporting that even his principal adversary, the Afrikaner leader Jan Smuts, recognized the power of his idea: Men like him redeem us from a sense of commonplace and futility.  [11]   The President of USA, Mr. B. H. Obama at the Wakefield High School speech in September 2009, quickly responded to a question posed on him as who was the one person, dead or alive, that he would choose to dine with? as Gandhi!, who he considers his biggest inspiration.  [12]   Leadership style: Leadership is a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task.  [13]  There are diverse opinions and theories regarding definitions and classifications of leadership styles. Nevertheless, in the words of Vance Packard Leadership appears to be the art of getting others to want to do something you are convinced should be done. Leadership style is the summation of manner and approach of a leader in providing direction towards the accomplishment of a common task, implementing plans and motivating people. Kurt Lewin  [14]  led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leadership and established three major styles of leadership  [15]  as: authoritarian or autocratic; participative or democratic and delegative or laissez-faire. Participative leader: Mahatma Gandhi definitely was a participative or democratic leader, who involved the whole team in planning and goal setting, problem solving and emphasised team building; on the other hand, he retained his decision making authority that could not be challenged. Rather than deciding in an autocratic manner, he involved other people in the process, including his subordinates, peers, superiors and other stakeholders. Since the political situation then, was dynamic and changing frequently, the required democratic leadership flowed from Mahatma Gandhi. He brought out the best of experience and skill from the fellow Congress leaders, seniors and followers. He had a strong conviction with the right blend of flexibility and chose the appropriate approach to be followed. The communication channels used were open and transparent; and in case of any changes, the strategy was explained unambiguously. Theories of leadership: Various theories have been propounded on the concept of leadership based on varied attributes of a leader including traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision and values, charisma, and intelligence among others.  [16]   Transformational Leadership: Transformational leadership  [17]  as defined by Burns, is the process of motivating the team by leader to be effective and efficient and engaging their commitments in the context of the shared values and shared vision. It involves relationship of mutual trust between the leaders and the followers. Mahatma Gandhi beyond doubt was a transformational leader. He utilised his communication skills for facilitating and focusing his peers and followers on the final desired outcome or goal attainment. In consonance with Burns analysis, Mahatma Gandhi was highly visible and used chain of command. He focused on the ideal vision of Swaraj Home rule for India, and was surrounded by numerous other leaders who were responsible and accountable for the interim milestones leading to attaining the target. All the four elements of a transformational leader were evident in Mahatma Gandhis leadership: individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation and idealized influence. He attempted to attend to his followers individual needs, acting as their mentor and addressing their concerns. He unconditionally supported his followers and respected their individual contributions. The followers also had aspirations for self development and were motivated towards accomplishing their responsibilities. He was never averse to taking risks and was open to nurturing associates and followers. He articulated a common vision which inspiring not only his followers, but his peers and other contemporary leaders. Leaders with inspirational motivation challenge followers with high standards, communicate optimism about future goals, and provide meaning for the task at hand. Followers need to have a strong sense of purpose if they are to be motivated to act. Purpose and meaning pro vide the energy that drives a group forward. The visionary aspect of leadership are supported by communication skills that makes it precise and powerful. The followers are willing to invest more effort in their tasks, they are encouraged and optimistic about the future and believe in their abilities. 4. Idealized Influence Provides vision and sense of mission, instills pride, gains respect and trust. It involves having a clear vision and a sense of purpose. Such leaders are able to win the trust and respect of the followers. They build a base for future mission, which enables them to obtain extra efforts from the followers. Charismatic Leader Till now we have read about different types of leaders but some times it happens that we are awed by a leader and follow him/her blindly. The personal charm of the person influences us. These types of leaders are known as charismatic leaders. Mahatma Gandhi was also an example of charismatic leader. The charismatic leaders have the ability to carry the masses the them. They have a great deal of emotional appeal. Swami Vivekanand was another charismatic leader. Some characteristicof charismatic leaders are followers accept the leader unquestioningly. followers obey the leader willingly. followers beleif are similar to the leaders beleifs. followers trust the correctness of the leaders beleif. Servant leadership: Contemporary leaders:

1980: Miami Floridabbegin to Rise as the Crime Capital of the Nation Essay

In the 1980s Miami Florida was just beginning to rise as the crime capital of the nation, but it had been the drug capital for a decade. An estimated 70% of Cocaine imported to the U.S passes through South Florida. When president of Cuba Fidel Castro agreed to allow citizens to leave in response to a tough Cuban economy, many of them departed to the United States and landed in South Florida, unfortunately many of those allowed to leave were convicted criminals. Adding these dubious characters into the mix only served to dilute the population of law-abiding citizens, therefore increasing the crime rate in the city of Miami. Cuba wasn’t the only country that was responsible for the increasing crime rate in Miami throughout the 1980s; Colombia was heavily involved in the Cocaine business. From the movie Cocaine Cowboys, John Roberts, Mickey Munday, Rafa Cardona Salazar, Max Mermestein were all drug smugglers. They were in charge of getting the illegal narcotics into Florida. Jon Roberts flooded Miami with over $2 billion worth of cocaine throughout the ’80s. He was also one of the drug traffickers who turned government informant. Roberts operated in the downtown Miami area and was an associate of Medellà ­n Cartel during the growth phase in cocaine trafficking. Soon after he hooked up with Medellin Cartel he began using his own method to ship cocaine into the United States. He began orchestrating plane shipments of hundreds of kilos of cocaine a week. He was associated with Mickey Munday who is the last Cocaine Cowboys left alive. He too was also involved in the cocaine business during that time. Based on the Movie Jon Roberts was kind of like the thinker and Mickey Munday was like the pilot. Jon would think about where to deliver the drug and how to deliver the drug while Mickey on the other hand was the one who flew the drugs into Miami. In September 1986, FBI and Customs offici als busted the the 38 years old trafficker jon Roberts. Columbia is South America’s fourth largest country. It is about 440,831 square miles long and the capital is Bogota with the population of 27 million people. Columbia greatest agriculture crops are coffee, and coca. â€Å"Columbia is one of the world largest producers of the drugs cocaine, and heroin producing 50,900 hectares of coca that they sold 75% to the United States.† (CIA database) Drug dealers and drugs control Columbia and are the new Mafia and gangsters, who smuggle drugs in the United States, and make millions and millions of dollars a year. Smuggling had its greatest growth in the United States during the Prohibition Era. It became a full-fledged business for organized crime like the Mafia who ran Chicago in the 1920’s. The drug dealers of Columbia are the modern day Mafia who used the power of drug money to control the government. The most famous drug dealers were Pablo Escobar, Jorge Luis Ochoa Valquez and Carlos Lehder Rivas, who controlled the drug trades in Columbia and were, at the time, the new Mafia. â€Å"By the year, 1984 the Medellin cartel had controlled 80 percent of the cocaine in the country.† (Alternatives.com) Pablo Escobar was born in a small village of Rionegro seventeen miles outside Medellin. In 1976, police arrested him for possession of thirty-nine pounds of cocaine, but the officers where soon killed and 9 judges refused to hear the case due to death threats. The record disappeared and he was never tried. Soon he was worth over 2 million dollars that he used to buy himself a huge estate near the Magdalena river that included his own private zoo. Pablo Escobar built low cost housing and a hospital to get the people of Medellin on his side. In 1982, he was elected to the congress, which gave him immunity from arrest. On Nov. 18, 1986 charges where brought against Escobar, on bringing 16 tons of cocaine into the United States. The government of Columbia said they would not deport him because they feared for their lives. On, December 2, 1993, a group of military police shot the drug lord on a rooftop in Medellin, Columbia. Jorge Luis Ochoa Vasguez was the son of Fabio Ocheoa Restrepo whose family was cattle breeders until they began trafficking drugs in the mid 1970. In 1981, guerrillas kidnapped Jorge Vasguez sister for ransom. Ocheoa joined with other drug lords including Escobar to form a vigilante group called Muerte a Secuestadores who kidnapped or killed members of the guerrillas until the girl were set free. This caused these three drug dealers to work together and Escobar and Vaguez made a new pact. Jorge Vasguez and the Ocheoa family provided hitmen, guards and death squads that included high ranked military officers. The Ocheoa family also would handle payoffs to police, judges and politicians. Jorge Luis Ochoa Vasquez was arrested by police on November 15,1984 and was going to be deported to the United States. When this news reached Bogota a car loaded with dynamite exploded in front of the US embassy in Bogota killing one and injuring four Colombians. On Aug. 13, 1986, Ochea Vasquez was released. He was arrested again on Nov. 21, 1987 but he was released again on December 30,1987. Carlos Lehder Rivas was born in Michigan and was a car dealer until he deiced to use his money to start a drug smuggling operation bringing drugs out of Columbia. He found a remote landing strip in the Bahamas where he bribed Bahamian officials where drugs would be unloaded and depatched into the United States in many different types of transportation. Soon Carlos was working with the Medellian cartel and would unload 300 kilograms a day making over 300 million a year. He was worth over 2.5 billion dollars and owned over 15 cars, three helicopters, and property all over Columbia. Finally the United States government caught up with him, but he got away because he killed 11 Supreme Court Justices, two newspaper editors in Columbia and 26 other journalists. Finally in 1997 he was arrested and was brought to a cell at the U.S. Penitary in Marion, IL that had a telephone. From his cell he made contact with FBI, and CIA agents who used to work in the cartel. Leder was sentenced to life in prison plus 135 years but the FBI and CIA gave him a deal to help them convict Noriega and cut down 30 years on his prison term. A few years after he testified he mysteriously disappeared from prison. These three individuals are only a few of the individuals who used the cartel to control all levels of the government including the president. President Ernesto Sampler accepted millions of dollars from the Mafia to finance his campaign. He said that the newspaper he wrote had over 10,900 subscribers instead of the 1,000 original subscribers his wife knew about. Also the government tried to destroy drug fields by eradicating coca and opium fields by spraying herbicide glyphosate. The problem is drug traffickers are paying guerrillas $200,000 for every plane that they shot down three times what they get for destroying the fields for the government. The police and military forces in Columbia are too weak and easily bribed by the cartels. The police in Columbia are armed civilians who don’t have the right to vote and don’t have much power and only a policeman can arrest someone under a warrant in Columbia. But since most policemen don’t have much power they are afraid to arrest someone, so the military forces usefully have to get involved in order to arrest someone. The police in Columbia can’t get anything done without the help of the military and neither really knows what the other is supposed to do which causes nothing to get done. The illegal drugs that are smuggled into the United States from Colombia come by many forms of transportation. Nova Scotia, Canada, has been a major drop-off point for illegal cargo since the early 1970s. Police say that to prepare for one drug smuggling operation, a group of criminals based in Nova Scotia bought a fishing vessel and used it just for fishing until long-ti me residents took it for granted. It would make runs in and out for two to three months just for fishing. â€Å"Then it went out on its fishing trip, and instead of bringing back fish, it had hashish and marijuana† (Abadinsky 39). Between 1974 and 1986, police recorded 12 major seizures, including boatloads of hashish and marijuana (Allen 1). Drug smuggling attempts by boat usually involve a â€Å"mother ship,† a cargo vessel lying up to 250 miles off the shore. This vessel will off load a variety of drugs onto smaller fishing vessels, which then transport the drugs to other couriers on shore. Cargo vessels, coming from other countries to the United States have become the newest method in drug smuggling. On June 19, 1992, the captain of the container ship Santa Marta radioed ahead to Jacksonville, Florida, that his ship was experiencing difficulties with its ballast ducts. An alert Customs officer suspected that it was a drug shipment unknown to the captain, and he was right. Forty kilograms of cocaine were discovered by divers in duffel bags secured in the recessed ballast duct by metal wire (Goode 10). The growth of hull attachments has sparked the interest of scientists to design an invention that will detect objects underwater. Drugs are not only smuggled into the country by boats, but are also driven across by cars and trucks. Drug lords sometimes hire one-time â€Å"mules,† or couriers, who pose as vacationers in the Big Bend National Park They hide the drugs in secret compartments in the walls of trailers and motor homes as they camp through the park. Many times the drug dealers will hire or start their own trucking companies. In one incident, cocaine wrapped in grease-smeared plastic had been stuffed into about ten hollow forty-foot steel beams. They were trucked across the country from California to New York. Drugs have been known to be found in hubcaps, spare tires, glove compartments, and in the stuffing of car seats, and ceilings of cars. Also, they have been found packed in metal boxes and hooked by magnets to the underside of the truck without the driver knowing. One of the most recent techniques is through Postal Service Express. Drug dealers will send a certain amount of drugs through the Postal Service Express. They choose the Postal Service Express because it is delivered the next day, it eliminates the middle man, which means that it costs less, it is also very difficult to monitor and harder to stop. After the client receives the drugs, he/she will send money back through Postal Service Express. Although there are many other next day delivery services, Postal Service Express is connected to the United States Post offices. Which means that opening the mail would be a federal offense. Other express package companies do not face the same problem. These companies assume ownership of the parcel as soon as it is handed to them. This means they can open it if they suspect it contains illegal substances. The only way Postal Service Express can detect a drug smuggler is to watch the packages. If the packages are being sent to the same person constantly, and then packages are being sent back to the sender the next day, postal workers might become suspicious and request a warrant. They have to be almost one hundred percent sure that there are drugs inside of the packages to get a warrant. With a warrant they can legally open the package. If the package contains drugs they will deliver it to the person and then make an arrest. Many packages will have probably been sent back and forth carrying drugs and money long before someone suspects something. One of the most risky and dangerous ways drugs are smuggled is through people. Couriers will sometimes carry drugs in false-bottomed suitcases, in the hollowed-out soles of their shoes, taped to their bodies, or sewed into their clothes. Some have even swallowed them. Some people have even swallowed up to two hundred thumb-size latex pellets. T hese carriers are usually desperate people hoping to escape poverty. Others swallow little balls of heroin wrapped in condoms. Each person swallows approximately eighty to one hundred condoms. This method is very dangerous because if the pellet or condom should break open, in most cases it would cause instant death. For example, on May 12, 1993, a thirty year old man from Bolivia was found dead on the plane. When doctors did an autopsy, they discovered seventy eight packages of cocaine. Two of the packages had broken open totaling six hundred and fifty grams in his stomach. Drugs have also been smuggled in electronic components, potatoes, cabbage, lettuce, peppers, coffee, and just about any product. Because of all these techniques, the government has set up the Drug Enforcement Administration. Coastal Watch Programs have been organized around the coast of Nova Scotia. James Parker, head of the program, has been telling the citizens to keep their eyes and ears open for signs of smuggling. On Parker’s wall there is a map of Nova Scotia with clusters of pins showing the locations of two thousand informa nts involved. Each person has a local number to call in case of suspicion. In the case of passengers arriving by air from known drug places, there are customs agents waiting to ask them a few questions at the baggage claim area. Judging by the passenger’s behavior, the tone of their voice, and their actions, the agents decide whether or not they might be carrying drugs. Columbia sends computer passenger lists to Customs agents before aircrafts arrive in Miami. These lists have the names of possible suspects. The police have developed programs that teach officers to stop motorists for small traffic violations and then search legally their cars for drugs. Many innocent people are stopped before one offender is actually caught. Some indicators are an open map on the front seat, a fast-food bag on the floor, or an out-of-state license plate. Police use these as signs because couriers are in a hurry and usually do not know their way around. After all of the efforts to control the drug smuggling, the new North American Free Trade Agreement between Mexico, the United States, and Canada makes things worse. This agreement makes the United States more accessible and convenient for drug traffickers. It will gradually eliminate tariffs on goods traded among the three nations and allow Mexican truckers to drive their rigs anywhere in the United States and Canada with little inspection. The United States and Columbia need to work together instead of blaming each other to stop drug trafficking and the Columbia Mafia. Columbia needs an stronger police force and to use the money the United States is giving them to make busts. Studies have shown that the money has been going to guerrilla forces helping the cortels instead of training the Colombian police. Second both countries have to recognize the supply and demand of the drugs problem. Both countries need to educate their people on the effects of drugs. If the United States lowered the demand on drugs then Columbia would not produce them. Third the Colombian government needs to be tougher on drug dealers and give them harsher sentences. Also Columbia needs new crops to grow and maybe the United States should teach the farms how to gr ow things other then coca. Coca is the major product in Columbia and many farmers do not know what else to plant. Works Cited De Lama, George, â€Å"US. Unable to Take Much of a Bite Out of Drug Traffic from Mexico.† Chicago Tribune. Chicago: Sunday April 17, 1994. Farah, Douglas, â€Å"Columbia Defense Minister Charges Samper with Accepting Drug Money† The Washington Post. Internet: http://thetech.mit.edu/v115/n66/colo.66w.html. Hallihan, Joe. â€Å"Car Searches Latest Tactic in Drug War.† N.S.L.S. Cd-Rom Database Not Given:1991. John, Harvey. â€Å"Cocaine Poisoning.† The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1993. Kirby, Joseph. â€Å"Mail-order Drug Dealers on Fast Track.† Chicago Tribune. Chicago: Thursday March 11, 1993. Moushey, Bill, â€Å"Hunted Down, then Protected.† Pittsburgh Post Gazette. Pittsburgh: May 1996, http:www.gotti.com/pwhunteddown.html. Powell, Morgan. â€Å"The Rifleman.† Chicago Tribune. Chicago: Sunday March 27, 1994. Treaster, Joseph B. â€Å"Nigerian Connection Floods U.S. Airport with Asian Heroine.† New York Times. New York: Feb. 15,1992 â€Å"Drug Production and Transit Countries DEA- Congressional Testimony,† Internet: http:www.alternatives.com/crime/deacert.html#Columbia. â€Å"In Columbia, Jailed Politicians Reveal Power of Trafficking.† CrimeData base, http://www.latinolink.com/news/0612ncol.html. â€Å"Pablo Escobar,† Internet: http://www.alternatives.com/crime/Escobar.html â€Å"Who is the Mob Today,† Internet: http://www.alternatives.com.crime/mobtoday.html. â€Å"Columbia† Internet: http://www.cia.com â€Å"Jorge Vasques†, Crimedata base, Internet: http://www.alternatives.com/crime/cm15.html.

In the Modern World, Image Is Everything

It only takes about seven seconds for a stranger to form a first impression of you. Especially in our modern world, the image we project of ourselves is becoming even more crucial since the increasing openness and inter-connectedness of the world makes it much easier for people to do ‘research’ on who you are. An image is paramount to all levels of society from the individual, to the corporate, to the national. Therefore, image does play a pivotal role in our lives in both the public and private domains. Nowadays, it is rare to find someone who does not have a Facebook profile or a Twitter account.Social networking has become a norm in our world today, with so many people putting up their personal lives on the Internet for anyone to see. What we choose to put on the Internet inevitably forms an image of ourselves that we present to others. This image will be able to make or break you regardless of whether you are in the public spotlight. Almost every celebrity has public ists that help him or her manage their public persona. It is often with their reputations that celebrities are able to land the most well paid jobs.Such employers view the celebrity’s good reputation as one that will be able to most effectively sell a product or a movie. Additionally, the way in which a celebrity manages his or her image when hit with a crisis affects his or her future employment prospects. For example, when Kate Moss was hit the scandal of her being photographed snorting cocaine, she did not do anything that would help fan the flame of the scandal. Alternatively, she continued working hard and producing the beautiful shots that her employers wanted. The scandal did not kill her career, as many would have expected.Moss’ career received a boost instead where she signed lucrative contract with Calvin Klein that effectively doubled her income. Additionally, an increasing number of companies are making use of social networking sites to gather background in formation on prospective employees. Countless people have lost out on amazing job opportunities because they posted pictures of them drunk on their Facebook profiles. This then proves that the image that portray of ourselves has a great impact on our lives in that it can help determine your success or failure in your chosen profession.In the corporate world, many businesses are also starting to realize the importance of the image of the company. Image consultants are being paid thousands of dollars to spruce up a company’s profile, where the company hopes that the better the image it presents the more successful it will become. Marketers and advertisers are also making use of prominent public personalities to help sell their products by making them more attractive to the masses. Given a small business, without a company website can be destroyed as a result of any acerbic comment on the Internet.Potential clients upon doing their research and discovering a bad review of the co mpany’s services will decide to patronize the services of another company instead. The significance of a good public profile is seen clearly in the aforementioned example, whereby a company can falter due to the lack of an image that the fails to showcase to the public. Thus, a positive image presented to the masses can prove to be the deciding factor of whether a company succeeds or fails in the event of a public relations problem, proving that image is indeed everything in the corporate world.On a wider scale, image is also critical to the many nations in the world. Small countries very often want to show the world that it is to be underestimated, while developing countries want to show the world that it is growing into its own and is just as capable. The most explicit examples of this are in the countries that vie to host the Olympic Games. Winning the coveted role of hosting the Olympics is often a great source of national pride for a country whereby it can show the world what it is capable of.The prestige that comes with hosting the Olympics is also immensely substantial thus accounting for the many countries wanting to host the Olympics. Even the first Youth Olympic Games was not spared from the competition between countries to host it. Singapore ultimately won this honour and it was widely celebrated by the government and its people. Almost all of Singapore’s youth were involved in the 2010 Youth Olympic Games in one way or another.All were happy to serve their country in any way they could in this grand and prestigious occasion. Another apt example is when China hosted the 2008 Beijing Olympics. China poured billions of dollars into the organization of the Games and spared no expense in ensuring that the Beijing was ready to receive athletes from all around the world. The pride that the Chinese had in the fact that China was hosting the 2008 Olympics was evident in the hundreds of hours of dedicated service that the Chinese selflessly con tributed.Thus, image is of great significance on a national level where countries are able to display what it is made of and can be a source of great national pride. On the other may argue that image is nothing without substance to back it up. Take the example of a customer going to a company for a particular service due to an initial good impression of the company. However, if the company fails to measure up to the image it presents of itself, the customer will be hugely disappointed and will not patronize the services of that company again and might even influence others into avoiding that company.Although one should concede that â€Å"well done is better than well said† as spoken by Benjamin Franklin, the first impression is ultimately one that is more powerful where a good impression often results in good outcomes. Particularly in our modern world where people move so fast that they only have time for first impressions and where the image one presents is one of the most r eliable ways to judge a persons character in such a short time.We have seen in the paragraphs above that image does play a pivotal role in our individual lives, in the corporate world, and on the national level. Despite the fact that actions do speak louder than words and that substance is more important than the image, it cannot be denied that the first impression is often a strong and lasting one. Image is hence essentially everything in our modern world where people are more often than not caught up in flash and superficiality.

The Charities Bill 2005 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2025 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? According to the Charities Bill 2005, s1, which was introduced into the House of Lords on 18 May 2005, the definition of a charity is ‘an institution which is established for charitable purposes only and falls to be subject to the control of the High Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction with respect to charities.’ It goes on to list the a charitable purpose as being for the prevention or relief of poverty, the advancement of education, religion, health or the saving of lives, citizenship or community development, the arts, culture, heritage or science, amateur sport, human rights, conflict resolution or reconciliation or the promotion of religious or racial harmony, environmental protection and improvement, the advancement of animal welfare or the relief of those in need (Charities Bill 2004, s2(1)). A charity, then, is something which seeks to afford some level of aid or assistance to those in need of it through financial means or through action . Despite the long and varied history of the charity, it certainly remains a valid legal concept for the years ahead, all the more so as a result of the clarifying and improving legislation which is going through Parliament currently. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Charities Bill 2005" essay for you Create order The new Charities Bill is the culmination of a rather protracted process of review and consideration of the existing law relating to charities and other not-for-profit organisations. It began in July 2001 when Tony Blair asked his Strategy Unit to carry out a review of the law and regulation of such groups. In September 2002 the SU produced its report which was titled Private Action, Public Benefit. This summarised the current state of the law in relation to such bodies, and made over sixty suggestions to the Government about how the law could be improved. The fact that such a review was seen as being necessary to begin with, and the fact that it identified so many issues requiring attention and change reflects how outmoded the law relating to charities was, and that while charity certainly was still a valid legal concept, with practical ramifications for those institutions granted the title as well as strong public support, large scale review and reform was needed to bring the la w relating to charities up to date. The publication of Private Action, Public Benefit, was followed by a period of public consultation in which a range of interest groups were consulted, for example the Catholic Education Service. This led to the publication, in July 2003, of the Government’s Charities and Not-For-Profits: a Legal Framework. This was a response to the comments of those suggestions and responses the Government had received, as well as an acknowledgement of the fact that they had accepted almost all of the proposals made in Private Action, Public Benefit. It was then that the Government started the process of producing the draft Charities Bill which would later be presented to Parliament. It seems fair to state that the idea of charity is now, perhaps more than ever, a valid legal concept, given new impetus and freedom by the forthcoming legislative changes which will be introduced by the Charities Bill when it becomes law. Charities will be retain many o f the advantages of their charitable status, without the often burdensome aspects of over-regulation. Even a cursory glance at the provisions of the Bill itself, and certainly a more in-depth consideration of the responses of interested parties to the Bill, reveal that the legislation will certainly be adequate in bringing the law of charity into the 21st century. There is nothing new in the concept of charity. Matthews explains that the concept of charity ‘derived from the ecclesiastical jurisdiction, not that of the Chancery.’ He goes on to explain that in order for charity to operate, there is no need for trusts. ‘And many legal systems have well developed laws of charity without recourse to, indeed without any knowledge of, trusts.’[1] Charitable purposes were the subject of statute as long ago as the early seventeenth century. The Charitable Uses Act 1601 listed certain charitable uses, most of which are identifiable in the current definition of cha ritable purposes, or at least are analogous to them. This was adapted by Lord MacNaghten in his four-fold characterisation of what is charitable: ‘Charity in its legal sense comprises four principal divisions: trusts for the relief of poverty; trusts for the advancement of education; trusts for the advancement of religion; and trusts for other purposes beneficial to the community, not falling under any of the preceding heads’ (Income Tax Special Purposes Comrs v Pemsel). This was further amended in 1968, in the case of Scottish Burial Reform and Cremation Society Ltd v Glasgow Corpn, in which Lord Reid stated that the ‘benefit must be of a kind within the spirit and intendment of the [Charitable Uses Act 1601] †¦ Then they [the courts] appear to have gone further, and to have been satisfied if they could find an analogy between an object already held to be charitable and the new object claimed to be charitable.’ This has been, then, an expansion of ‘charity’ by way of analogy. Finally, in the Charity Commissioners Annual Report (1987), the Charity Commissioners state that although bound to follow the route of precedent and analogy, they try to do so constructively and imaginatively’.[2] An earlier attempt to clarify the law relating to charities occurred in 1958 in the Recreational Charities Act. This states that ‘it shall be and be deemed always to have been charitable to provide, or assist in the provision of, facilities for recreation or other leisure time occupation, if the facilities are provided in the interest of social welfare.’ Martin describes charitable trusts as being ‘trusts for purposes which benefit the public’, and ‘which on the authority of statute and common law are ‘charitable’.’[3] There are also certain fiscal benefits associated with an institution achieving charitable status. The most significant of these are in relation to tax ation; charities are usually exempt from income tax, capital gains tax, corporation tax, inheritance tax and stamp duty, and can claim an 80% rebate on council tax paid on land they own. The question of whether charity remains a valid legal concept in 2006 turns on the effect of the Charities Bill, which seeks to bring the strands of the development of charities and charitable purposes together. This is a timely piece of legislation, as the development of the charity has been so protracted and piecemeal (the key developments having been highlighted above). Prior to this, the dominant piece of legislation with regard to charities was the Charities Act 1993. While this was a significant piece of legislation, it is the Charities Bill 2005 which will ensure that charity remains a valid legal concept in the years ahead. A significant aspect of the Charities Bill 2005 is that it carries a statement of compliance with the Human Rights Act 1998, made on behalf of Baroness Scotland of Ast hal. This is, of course, mandatory since the passing of the latter Act which gave effect to the European Convention on Human Rights. Another major effect of this Bill is the attention it pays to smaller charities. According to the Directory of Social Change, their principal concern, and something which was addressed in the Bill, was that ‘the legislation should encourage rather than discourage the establishment and success of [smaller] charities.’[4] This is reflected in the fact that prior to this, the Charities Commission over-regulated charities, with the effect that many smaller ones were unable to operate efficiently because of these hindrances. The DSC state give the example of the rule which states that every charity must have an investment policy, even if it has no investments. The new Bill seeks to reduce this inappropriate level of regulation, and will hopefully make smaller charities (of which there are many) easier to operate. The Government, in the new B ill, commissions ‘an independent review of the burden of regulation that grant-making charities face more generally, to ensure that regulation is fair and proportionate.‘ This concern has also been expressed by the Association of Charitable Foundations, the umbrella group responsible for independent grant making charitable trusts and foundations in the UK. In their response to the Standard Information Return Consultation, the group ‘expressed concern about the possible danger of inappropriate over-regulation of grant-making charities.’[5] They go on to register concern that the Charities Commission should ‘act in a way which takes due account of the diversity of the charitable sector, in particular the special position of grant-making charities and small charities.’ in seeking to address these concerns, the new legislation updates the law relating to charities in such a way as to reflect the current state of charitable institutions; that is to s ay, it makes it a less onerous job to establish and run a smaller charity. The Bill is based on the premise that the Commissioner of Charities will have increased powers and responsibilities. It also introduces a new public benefit test for assessing whether an institution is actually a charity. The most significant application of this test will be in relation to independent schools, which have, until now, enjoyed charitable status. In essence, the Bill removes the assumption of public benefit (in particular in relation to independent schools) so that public benefit law will in future be applied to all charities. This is very much a modern addition to the law of charities, and both reflects that charity continues to be a valid legal concept, and that the law relating to charities has been brought into the twenty first century. No longer are people willing to assume that the providers of expensive, exclusive education are deserving of charitable status. According to the Catholi c Education Service, the purpose of the Bill is ‘to provide a more open and accountable regime for all charities and to redefine charities by reference to a more stringent public-benefit test.’ This is confirmed by the Government’s response to the report from the Joint Committee on the Draft Charities Bill. This identifies the Government’s aims for the Charities Bill as being ‘to provide a legal and regulatory framework that will enable all charities †¦ to realise their potential as a force for good in society, to encourage a vibrant and diverse sector, independent of Government, and to sustain high levels of public confidence in charities through effective regulation.’ The aims of the Bill, then, can be seen as a direct response to the concerns of various organisations linked to charities, and as such, the legislation is certainly a positive step in bringing charity legislation up to date. A further development which has been introduc ed in the new Bill is that it recognises, for the first time, the difference between grant-making charities, and other charities that provide services. It also amends the public confidence objective ‘to increase public trust and confidence in charities and to stimulate philanthropy’, a change which the ACF welcomes.[6] The introduction in May 2005 of the new Charities Bill is, then, the culmination of a lengthy review undertaken by this Government of the often confused and inefficient existing law relating to charities and other not-for-profit organisations. The Bill has met with, generally, a good response, and certainly seems to draw together and consolidate the various independent developments of the law in this area. Charities have had an important place in the English legal framework for centuries, and the effect of this new legislation will be to ensure their continued importance and improvement. BIBLIOGRAPHY Statutes Charities Act 1993 Charities Bi ll 2004 Charitable Uses Act 1601 Recreational Charities Act 1958 Cases Income Tax Special Purposes Comrs v Pemsel [1891] AC 531 Scottish Burial Reform and Cremation Society Ltd v Glasgow Corpn [1968] AC 138 Secondary sources Association of Charitable Foundations website Catholic Education Service website Directory of Social Change website Penner, J.E., The Law of Trusts (LexisNexis, 2003) Martin, J.E., Modern Equity (Oxford, 2004) Matthews, P., ‘The New Trust: Obligations Without Rights’, in Oakley (1996) Oakley, A.J., Trends in Contemporary Trust Law (Oxford, 1996) Strategy Unit, Private Action, Public Benefit (2002) Footnotes [1] Matthews, P., ‘The New Trust: Obligations Without Rights’, in Oakley, A.J. (Ed), Trends in Contemporary Trust Law (Oxford, 1996), p1 [2] Quoted in Martin, J.E., The Law of Trusts (LexisNexis, 2003), p495 [3] Martin, p492 [4] DSC website, news archives [5] See Association of Charitable Foundations website [6] See ACF website