Critically evaluate the role played by Victim Support in assisting Essay

Critically evaluate the role played by Victim Support in assisting victims of crime and advocating for reforms on their behalf. And Critically evaluate the cont - Essay Example Other wise they loose the confidence in organized world and faith in other human beings which is dangerous to the society. Hence it calls for immediate measures for crime management and victim support services (Van Dijk, 1996). However, the successful crime management requires thorough study of nature of crime and causes of the same and nature of victimization (Joutsen, 1997). Hence this necessitates the reforms in the criminal law provisions and judiciary and also establishment of victim support organizations for providing services and assistance to genuine victims of crime (Groenhuijsen, 1998). This is made possible by victim support services, European court of Human Rights and the Council of Europe. Victim support1 is a service available to citizens of England for helping themselves in minimizing the effects of crime. There has been a remarkable increase in incidents of crime in different forms in the European society. It is indeed difficult to solve these crime related problems for any person at his individual level with out any external support. Hence there is a strong necessity of some supporting charity or institution that aids the people subjected to crime. Its main objective is to reduce the negative effects of the crime and to manage the crime related after effects in most efficient manner. The role of Victim Support is highly appreciable in this direction. Moreover, Victim Support also promotes and advances the rights of victims and witnesses. Victim support also maintains the confidentiality and privacy of the victims of crime and hence it is liked by all the sections of the people. It is also committed to the service of minority and disadvantaged groups subjected to crime on priority basis. Hence here is a need to critically evaluate its role in assisting victims and advocating reforms on their behalf. Victim Support assists the victims to deal with their experience in most efficient manner. It also

RECOMMENDATION REPORT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RECOMMENDATION REPORT - Assignment Example The S15 Matt Eckert 4 event focused on tourism. The main speaker, Mr. Matt Eckert, discussed in detail what role tourism lays in the economy as well as why everyone should be involved in the industry. As he went through his journey in the industry, he demonstrated the opportunities and challenges one can face in the industry. The two events were a learning opportunity for students in terms of their career development. Engaging with professionals would be beneficial, as it would prepare students for their careers. The abundance of knowledge in such forums would equip students with the tools they need to kick-start their careers. It would therefore be of great benefit to the university to hold such events, especially the S14 event, regularly as they build students. With such events, the university would be able to produce ready students who will be able to get right into the job market and compete on a higher level for the opportunities available. The graduates would have the advantage of information, as the events would have informed them

Special Effects

Special Effects Special Effects can be defined as a science and an art, which studies and applies the tools to fool human audio-visual sensory system, which perceive the events around us. Special effects focuses on making the unreal look alike real, or creating a non-existing event through a systematic approach. Motion film and television industry have undergone a lot of vigorous development stages during the past few decades. Out of them Special Effects and Visual effects are to name a few. But the impact of special effects in both areas is tremendous and outstanding. They played a very crucial role in making these two entertainment mediums more popular and amusing than the others. The very recent term, -Virtual Reality  was first introduced in Motion picture, when they portrayed scenes and characters which are impossible to exist in the real world. For example the Gorilla in the movie King Kong, and the robot transforming to a human being in the Terminator 1st part etc. They were very amusing at the time of these movies. Normal people could not imagine a scene where a Gorilla and a Dinosaur fighting. The first ever movement was Steven Spielberg„ ¢s Jurassic Park, in which hundreds of Dinosaurs were made artificially and animated. There are various arguments and concepts about the special effects in the motion picture and television industry. As a source for my thesis, I have studied various journals, magazines and books. The Journal called Elastic Cinema, raises few questions about the special effects and its application in the cinema and television. The recent developments in cinema show that the industry is not going to slow down in terms of special effects and virtual reality. The amount of special effects we use in the cinema today is increasing everyday and becoming more and more complex in nature. Whether these developments are economically affordable? Are they going to help the industry in a positive way? Can they still contribute to the society in a good way as how the classic films did? These are the questions raised by the movie buffs and the movie lovers. But, as the technology and the science grow bigger, their responsibility towards the society also gets bigger. After all cinema and television is an entertainment medium, the questions which are raised above become less relevant. Cinema„ ¢s primary objective is to entertain its audience. They some times amuse people in different ways. Special effects are considered to be the tool for creating this amusement. The literatures which I have gone through clearly state the different stages and the development phases of Special effects/Special Effects (VFX/SFX). They also discuss how the invention and the rapid development of Special effects changed the face of the cinema and television. The way cinema and television programs were developed and created have been changed by the invention and implementation of SFX. SFX has actually helped them to produce the -real  effect in the cinema. My study about the Special effects not only investigates the origin, development and the future of special effects, but also, its implementation in the industry and the software used in the production and development. Special effects have always helped the film and television industry to achieve what they have always desired for. They were in fact the cutting edge tool for perfection. They have helped the film makers to portray the future reality. We can now see what the future holds for the Special Effects. SFX has been through vigorous development for more than 60 years now. Its history is written in golden scripts. SFX acts as tool to bridge the present and the future reality in film making. SFX has changed the movies„ ¢ vision of making reality even more powerful. SFX has been successfully implemented in Science-Fiction cinemas. Their scope not only involves Sci-Fi movies but every areas of film production. Even the most normal and common movie or a television program we watch today involves a great deal of SFX implementation. Not every scene can be shot in real and SFX comes handy in these sorts of situations. There are two key concepts in SFX. One is Visual effect and the later one is Physical Effect. Visual effects are -any visual manipulation of motion picture frames, whether accomplished in cameras, projectors, optical printers, aerial image printers, front and rear screen systems  (Smith, 1986, p. 270). On the other hand Physical effects can be defined as -mechanical effects or practical effects that take place on the set during filming, such as explosions, wire tricks, bullet hits, etc.  (p. 264). Apart from these there is one more term which is very commonly used in order to indicate the -cinematic-illusion-of-reality , which is -reality effect  These are created by visual effects. The effect of Visual effect on the audients is different. They actually artificially produce events which are impossible in reality. The possibilities are even more. The point is that, they are very successful in convincing the audience about what they are seeing. Special effects involve more expertise and skills than the physical effects like a car explosion or a train derailment, which are actually shot in a protected physical space. On the other hand the visual effects create something that never happened in the actual world, like the auto bots transforming in to automobiles, or the massive war in the movie -Lord of the rings , which portrays more than a million artificial soldiers with out even leaving an animation feel in the audients„ ¢ mind. Visual effects in the early ages, for example, Superman (1978) has used a mixture of both physical and visual effects, they have used pre-filmed backgrounds with live action. However, in today„ ¢s world, visual effects can not only produce non existent illusions but also enhance the real-life-scenes. They help the film makers to reproduce or enhance the movie or a project with more detail. For example the latest version of Adobe After Effects and Adobe Premier Pro come with a lot of goodies in it like motion tracking and 3d layer editing etc.(www.adobe.com) Computer graphics in motion film and television is becoming more and more complex day by day. -Looking at effects films over the past few years, one could say that visual effects are following a kind of Moores Law, doubling in quality and quantity nearly every year . (Phil LoPiccolo (Editor-in-Chief), Computer Graphics World, January 2005, in the editorial note) What we see in the screen will become outdated in the next day when next movie come out. A great deal of enthusiasm and skill is required to do the special effects in the way the director and the author visualize it in their mind. As Phil LoPiccolo states, SFX is following the Moore„ ¢s law. The complexity and techniques keep doubling every day. The movie Lord of the Rings for example, casts nearly 70000 animated soldiers in a battle in the first part. The complexity and the number of effects has quadrupled by the third part in which they portrayed nearly 225000 animated characters and more than 1800 effects featur ed. Computer graphics and 3D imaging has become more common and complex and also helped the movie to become more popular. The invention and the implementation of 3D imaging have revolutionized the Special effects and the movie industry. These days, movies with out special effects are very less and are considered odd. They are fuelling mechanism for commercial cinema. As we all know, not every scene is practically possible to shoot live, even in controlled environments. Special effects come handy in such cases. After the 1980s, digital imaging and special effects have started revolving around three major area, they are digital characters, digital world and digital events. Technical experts in the early years had predicted that the technological advancement in the motion picture will replace the use of photographic techniques and the use of film eventually, but as of now, their enthusiasm seems very immature and inappropriate. History of Special Effects There are various methods to create a special effect. They can be generated through animation, miniatures or matte shots. Cartoons are a very good example of animations, they can either be computer generated or shot by a stop motion camera. The -illusions-of-reality  in the early stages were generated by using paintings, miniatures, and false back grounds. Miniatures are used everywhere. Whether it is a small scale production or a large scale one, they are a very important factor of special effects. In early ages of special effects, film makers used live action combined with a false background or another play-back-scenery, which is done by another rear-projector. This technique is called -rear projection . But as the era of colour film began, these systems showed instability in terms of the light and shadows, they were difficult to achieve in the same amount. So the system called -front projection  was implemented, where the camera is placed in the same place as the projecto r is placed. Then came the technique of fast and slow motion. These effects are achieved by adjusting the frames per second aspect of the film shot. Normally a film is shot in 24 frames per second, anything grater than this will slow down the motion in the screen and vice versa. We can clearly see that these above mentioned techniques are achieved by manual operation, in other words they are camera techniques. Computer aided film development and special effects were invented in a later stage. The combination of both computer and the film technology has given the film makers the advantage of -illusion-of-reality . They could easily manipulate and enhance the movie by using computer technology. A new era of sci-fi movie has begun with the invention of this technology. The technology brought them the ability to create physically impossible events in the silver screen and in the television. Graphics and animation can be easily created with the help of a computer. These computer generated graphics are then combined with live footage with the technique called -Analogue Image Synthesis . Film is once scanned and exported to computer graphics, they are then manipulated by graphics and motion authoring software like After effects, combustion, 3DS Max, Maya etc, also they can include more animated and non animated objects in this computer generated film. Once the editing and compositing is completed, they are then exported to film again. Another process include in the digital manipulation include -Digital Compositing . It is used to render the non-live objects into the film like dragons, fire etc. They uses miniatures and then capture its movements and converts them into actual movements in a computer software. Such innovations have fuelled the computer aided special effects in motion pictures. George MÃÆ'ƒÂ ªlÃÆ'ƒÂ ©es, a Parisian magician is known as the inventor of many techniques in special effects until the date. Many of his techniques are still use such as motion stop camera, substitution shot, double exposure etc. He has also agreed that some of these techniques are accidentally happened. For example, the substitution technique has happened when he was shooting a moving mob. He stopped the camera for some time and restarted it from the last point. When he projected the final film, he was astonished to see that people disappearing from the screen. Later he used this technique in many films. This incident is considered as the first special effect ever. During the early years, films were only few minutes long, especially in between 1890 and 1910. They were 10 to 15 minutes long. They included simple common scenes like people moving or a market place, a town centre, a train station etc. Audients only wanted to see the moving pictures at that time; they were very much satisfied with the idea. Sooner movie makers started telling stories. These stories included real characters and film sets etc. During the First World War, they started making feature length movies (90 minutes long), which is forefather of today„ ¢s motion picture. A movie called -The Great Train Robbery  which came out in 1903 directed by Edwin Porter. The movie used a matte painting effect in order to make the train passing cast through a window. They shot the train passing in the first sequence and they rewind it and recast the window matte. Everything was blacked out except the window. When the final film was projected people could see the train trough the window. This effect is said to be the first ever special effect using matte. As the time passed by special effects become more complex and they started creating more and more realistic as the audients become more sophisticated. Since the 1926, the special effects were called as trick shots. During the 1920s European Film studios have started equipping special departments for special effects. Special effects had become a very important element of any motion picture by that time. As the time passed by and the audients have become more sophisticated, it had become almost impossible for film makers to fool audients with the normal techniques therefore they had to come up with more ideas. Then they invented the technique of the travel matte. In the middle of the 20th century, with the invention of digital techniques and computer technologies, special effects have become more sophisticate and powerful. It has reached a level that even the whole movie could be produced with out any exterior exposure or shooting. This era of movies contains more than thousands of special effects and shots in a single movie. Special effects have a rich and a vast history which is dated to the early 17th century, where magicians have become a part of the society. They used to use many techniques to fool the public; they used to do optical illusions to entertain their audients. Their techniques are said to be the base of special effects. One of the earliest effects is said to be the -summoning of the dead , where the magicians used the semitransparent sheets of historic people to project a ghostly type of motion. The equipments which they used to do this optical illusion have become very famous in the late 1970s. The first motion picture ever was made in 1985, sound have become a part of the movie only after 32 years. Motion picture had to travel through a lot of revolutionary changes until it reached midst of the 20th century, only then special effects have found its way to the movies and television. In 1896, Robert W. Paul has developed a commercial film projector with Thomas Edison„ ¢s Kinetoscope. He has built Europe„ ¢s first film studio with all the necessary equipments like Dolly track and trap doors etc and produced his first motion film with few special effects in 1905. 20th century has seen many of the revolutionary developments in the special effects world. With the computers involved in the editing and the manipulation a new era has begun for the motion pictures and television. They could create virtually anything with the help of computers; let it be a building or people, or even a sequence of actions or events. Special effects have finally found its extreme heights with the help of computers. Digital Technology The computer aided designing, sound editing and authoring, special effects etc have revolutionized the motion film industry in the late 1990s. One of such movies which have implemented the extensive use of computer technology ever is Forrest Gump (1994), which cast an actor whose legs are blown off in a battle. They used the computer technology to erase his legs after the footage was shot. This movie is said to be the first movie which has successfully combined both the blue screen technique and computer graphics. Role of Software in Special Effects Software like Maya, Adobe after effects, Avid and 3DS Max etc have revolutionized the special effects galore in movies and television industry. They helped special effects creators to create, manipulate and animate the 3D models and create virtual scenes to create the virtual reality. Software like After effects and Combustion Studio have helped the creators to modify and blend the shots with the virtually created scenes, while maya and 3DS max stood for creating the backgrounds and miniature models and giving them the 3D aspect. These softwares being the industrial standard for special effects and 3D authoring, there are many more tools emerging day by day. As a successor to all these visual editing and creation tools, sound editing and authoring has also become a part of industry and also a part of the special effects. They could be both combined and used together in a successful way. Now, live-shots and editing could be done side-by-side using adobe after effects and such tools us ing the new timeline feature which they provide. Objective As an MSc student, my objectives are to narrate the history and the development of Special effects and stating its influences, motivations and advancements in different stages of its development. Also, identify the current scenarios and predict the futuristic developments and depict some of the techniques used in today„ ¢s world. The software which I mainly use to depict the techniques in this dissertation are 3DS Max and Adobe after effects. I use 3DS max for creating 3d objects and giving them movements and creating the environment. SPECIAL EFFECTS IN TELEVISION For most of the part, television is not considered as real, all that we could see fit in that tiny little box. It is a small little world what we see and the audients believe it. Televisions simulate the ideas; they do not shoot real events like the motion picture. In fact they can manipulate them to real-like events because the frame is very small. Being so unreal, television also will have to deal with the real world as well. It can be said as the combination of both real and unreal. CREATING SPECIAL EFFECTS The visual effects which we see today are mostly generated from a combination of both modern and traditional methods. Getting the right effect on the right time requires more planning and organizing. Visual effects peoples job starts right before the actual production of the movie or a TV commercial. They have to plan things and shots. They also discuss the possibilities and the credibility of the particular shot and the special effect to be used. The techniques range from reproduction of sequences to compositing multiple frames and creating miniature digital models and motion tracking the machines etc. There are certain problems though, creating special effects with the moving camera is not an easy task, it is unless we use a locked off camera, but once the camera starts moving, the special effect crew will have to track the camera movements too, and then only they could actually recreate or manipulate the specific action or the event. Such problems and obstacles should be discussed prior to the production of the film or the feature.

War Driving :: essays research papers

 ¡Ã‚ §War driving to Disney World ¡Ã‚ ¨ Summer of 2004 War driving involves roaming around a neighborhood looking for the increasingly numerous  ¡Ã‚ §hot spots ¡Ã‚ ¨ where high-speed Internet ¡Ã‚ ¦s access is free. What I found interesting was that the hacks were pretty basic and that most of the information on how to break into default systems, how to look for Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) being enabled and other wireless steps could be found in a Google search. My brother Carlos a  ¡Ã‚ §full time computer geek ¡Ã‚ ¨ and I had decided at the beginning of the summer that we were taking the family to Disney but I wasn ¡Ã‚ ¦t going to take any downtime or a vacation per se. Instead, I would validate through  ¡Ã‚ §war driving around an area with a laptop computer and an 802.11 network card to identify the presence of wireless networks. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Let me preface, my brother ¡Ã‚ ¦s experience with wireless networks. He embraces new technologies and tries to understand how to make the workplace safe with security controls. My little brother has actually taught me every thing I know about IT. Packing my car with the necessary gear and my brothers Dell Inspiron laptop, a newly purchased Orinoco wireless network card, lots of CDs and my wireless 2-GHz antenna we started the trip to Disney. We got on the turnpike and I was hoping for some peace and quiet from our kids but I should have known better, ¡Ã‚ ¨ kids will be kids. ¡Ã‚ ¨ While on this mission, it was critical for us to identify if the following could be picked up from the war drive. Think about it. You ¡Ã‚ ¦re surfing the Net at home or in the office, and someone just hops onto your network connection. With information about whether or not WEP is disabled and SSID default settings, an unauthorized user could access your documents, financials or other sensitive information. The WEP encryption method was designed to provide wireless networks with the same security available in wired networks; however, there are some challenges with this standard .The presence of the service set identifier (SSID), the name assigned to a wireless network. Usually, the SSID comes by default using the vendor ¡Ã‚ ¦s name and should be changed to something nondescript .With these two pieces of information, an unauthorized user could be able to acquire access to a wireless network. Upon our first rest stop we exited near little town that was almost unpopulated .We knew that most likely nothing was going to pop- up on the screen not even a those annoying advertising pop- ups .

Advertising and Sales Essay

Assignment Q1. What is the meaning of advertising? Explain the advertising pyramid with a neat diagram. â€Å"Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media to reach broad audiences† The five basic element of this pyramid are: attention, interest, desire, action and satisfaction. Attention: The first objective of advertising is to capture attention of the consumer. The job is easy as even shouting or clapping can draw attention. Therefore, the copywriter usually makes the headline very catchy by using the bigger fonts. The other techniques are to use short punch lines in conversational language. Interest: The advertisement’s next objective is to create interest in the readers about the product. After giving a good headline, their interest is retained by elaborating on the key features of the product. This is usually incorporated in the body copy. Desire: In this step, the advertisement creates a situation for the prospective customer to enjoy benefits of the product vicariously. The writer creates a situation that makes the reader feel as though there is a lot that is being missed if one does not use the product. Action: The purpose of this step is to motivate people to do something. No advertisement is successful if it cannot induce any action. This is not a difficult step because if the copy is clear then surely the reader will act. Satisfaction: The tip of the pyramid is satisfaction. After the product is bought, the buyer should have a feel of satisfaction. The customer should always feel that it has got the appropriate returns for the money spent. Q2. What do you understand by integrated marketing communication (IMC)? What are the various roles? â€Å"IMC is a strategic business process used to develop, execute, and evaluate coordinated, measureable, persuasive brand commun ications programs over time with customers, prospects, employees, associates, and other targeted relevant internal and external audiences. The goal is to generate both short-term financial returns and build long-term brand and share-holder value.† Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) is a process involving coordination of various promotional elements and other  marketing activities that communicate with a firm’s customers. It includes managing customer relationships that drive brand value through communication efforts. The role of IMC can be discussed with the following points:  · Identifying the target audience  · Specifying promotion objectives  · Setting the promotion budget  · Selecting the right promotional tools  · Designing the promotion  · Scheduling the promotion Identifying the target audience: IMC’s first function is to identify the right audience. It is very important to deliver the message to the right audience. Specifying promotion objectives:  · Designed for a well-defined target audience  · Measurable  · Cover a specified time period Hierarchy of effects: Sequence of stages a prospective buyer goes through Use as a tool to develop objectives  · Awareness – Ability to recognize and remember the product or brand  · Interest – Increase in desire to learn about the product features  · Evaluation – Consumer’s appraisal of the product on important attributes  · Trial – Consumer’s actual first purchase and use  · Adoption – Repeated purchase and use of the product or brand Setting the promotion budget:  · Percentage of sales: Funds are allocated as a percentage of past or anticipated sales  · Competitive parity: Matching the competitor’s absolute level of spending Selecting the right promotional tools  · Specify the combination of the five basic IMC tools – advertising, Personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and direct marketing  · Promotion mix can vary  · Assess the comparative importance of the various tools Designing the promotion:  · Design of the promotion plays a primary role in determining the message that is communicated to the audience  · Design activity is viewed as the step requiring the most creativity  · Design each promotional activity to communicate the same message Scheduling the promotion:  · Determine the most effective timing  · Promotion schedule describes  · Factors such as seasonality and competitive promotion activity can influence the schedule. Q3. While developing an advertisement, some theories are useful. Discuss the two theories to design an advertisement. In developing an advertisement for an advertising campaign, several theoretical frameworks are useful. The first theory is the hierarchy of effects model. The second is a means to an end chain. Both the hierarchy of effects model and a means to an end chain can be used to develop leverage points. 1. Hierarchy-of-Effects Model Among advertising theories, the hierarchy-of-effects model is predominant. It helps clarify the objectives of an advertising campaign as well as the objective of a particular advertisement. The model suggests that a consumer or a business buyer moves through a series of six steps when becoming convinced to make a purchase. These six steps are as follows: Awareness – If most of the target audience is unaware of the object, the communicator’s task is to build awareness, perhaps just name and recognition with simple messages repeating the product name. Consumers must become aware of the brand. Knowledge – The target audience might have product awareness but may not know much more; hence this stage involves creating brand knowledge. This is where comprehension of the brand name and what it stands for become important. What are the brand’s specific appeals, its benefits? Liking – If target members know the product, how do they feel about it? If the audience looks unfavorably towards the product then the communicator has to find out why. If the unfavorable view is based on real problems, communication campaigns alone cannot do the job of erasing it. Preference – The target audience might like the product but not prefer it to others. In this case, the communicator must try to build consumer preference by promoting quality, value, performance and other features. Conviction – A target audience might  prefer a particular product but not develop the confidence about buying it. The communicator’s job is to build conviction among the target audience. Purchase – Finally, some members of the target audience might have conviction but not quite get around to making the purchase. Th ey may wait for more information or plan to act later. 2. Means-End Theory A second theoretical approach a creative (team) can use to design an advertisement is a means-end-chain. This approach suggests that an advertisement should contain a message or means that lead the consumer to a desired end state. Means – end theory is the basis of a model called the Means-End Conceptualizations of Components for Advertising Strategy (MECCAS). The MECCAS model suggests using five elements in creating advertisements.  · The product’s attributes – delicious and refreshing are the products attribute.  · Consumer benefits – delicious and refreshing are linked with the benefit of freshness and good taste.  · Leverage point – the leverage point in the advertisement is the link between the benefit of delicious drink and the personal value of choosing the right drink of an athlete.  · Personal Values – the value of the consumer, the reason of buying Coca Cola. He could value the ’refreshing’ or the ’delicious’ attributes. The marketers need to understand the personal value so that the message will hit the right target. Q4. What do you mean by public relations(PR)? What are the difference between PR and advertising? â€Å"Public relations† is used to build rapport with employees, customers, investors, voters or the general public. Public Relations (PR) is the actions of a corporation, store, government, individual etc. in promoting goodwill between itself and the public, the community, employees, customers etc. The most comprehensive definition is as follows: â€Å"Public relation is the management function which evaluates public attitudes, identifies the policies and procedures of an organization with the public interest and executes a program of action and communication to earn public understanding and acceptance.† The following are the differences between advertising and public relations. Advertising 1. The company pays for advertising the company. Hence the focus is on getting its products or  services. 2. Since you are paying for the space, you have creative control on what goes into that advertisement. 3. Advertisements can be published or run repeatedly. An advertisement generally has a longer shelf life than one press release. 4. In advertising, you get to exercise your creativity in creating new advertising campaigns and materials. 5. If you are working at an advertising agency, your main contacts are yours-workers and the agency’s clients. 6. You are looking out your target audience and advertise accordingly. You would not advertise a kid’s Product in a business magazine. 7. Some industry professionals such as Account Executive have contact with the clients. Others like Copywriters or Graphic Designers in the agency may not meet with the client at all. 8. â€Å"Sales!, 20% discount, Buy this product! Act now! Call today!† These are the things you can say in an advertisement. You want to use those buzz words to motivate people to buy your product. Public relations 1. The objective is to get free publicity for space. You know exactly when that advertisement will on air to be published. 2. You have no control over how the media presents your information, if they decide to use your information at all. They are not obligated to cover your event or publish your press release. 3. You submit a press release about a new product or about a news conference once. The PR exposure you receive is only circulated once and the editor will not publish more than once. 4. In public relations, you have to have a nose for news and be able to generate buzz through that news. You exercise your creativity in the way you search for new news to release to the media. 5. In PR, the main contacts will be people in the area of publications and broadcast media. 6. It is generally not possible to segment, target or position the product or service. 7. In public relations, you are very visible to the media. PR professionals are not always called on for the good news. In an emergency you may have to give a statement or on-camera interview to journalists. You may represent your company as a spokesperson at an event. 8. You are strictly writing in a no-nonsense news format. Any blatant commercial messages in your communications are disregarded by the media. Q5. What are the four types of annalists used to develop a comprehensive model for evaluation of a sales organization? There are mainly four factors or types of analysis that are usually needed to  develop a comprehensive model for evaluation of a sales organization. They are: 1) Sales analysis 2) Cost analysis 3) Profitability analysis 4) Productivity analysis 1) Sales analysis: It is an important factor for evaluating the effectiveness of a sales organization. Sales analysis detects strengths and weaknesses of the organization. Sales analysis is described as a detailed inspection of a company’s sales data, which includes assimilating, classifying, comparing and drawing conclusions. Sales analysis is done based on the following parameters: a) Levels in sales organization: Sales analysis should be done at all levels of the sales organizations. This includes evaluation of sales performance from the company level down to the last level. b) Types of sales: The analysis of different types of sales at different organizational levels definitely increases the sales manager’s ability to detect problem areas in the company’s sales performance. For example, analysis can be done: a. Based on type of products b. By distribution channels types c. By type of customer classifications d. By size of orders 2) Cost analysis: Cost analysis is the analysis of costs that affect sales volume. The purpose of marketing cost analysis is to determine the profitability of sales control units, like market segments, sales territories and products. This is done by subtracting the marketing costs from the sales revenues, associated with the sales control units. 3) Profitability analysis: Profitability analysis of marketing units (that is, regions, branches, channels, products or customer groups) can be developed by preparing profit and loss (or income and expense) statements for marketing units. However, the question arises as to how to allocate indirect or shared expenses to various marketing units. There are two approaches for profitability analysis 4) Productivity analysis: Productivity is usually measured by ratios between outputs and inputs. For example, sales per salesperson are used by many companies as a measure of productivity. There  are other productivity ratios such as selling expenses per salesperson, sales calls per salesperson, and quotations submitted per salesperson. Q6. Describe the meaning and importance of media fix decisions. A media mix is the way various types of media are strategically combined in an advertising plan, such as using newspaper and posters to announce a new product as the iPod managers did, followed by television advertising that shows how to use the product and billboards that reminded people to look for it when they go out to the store. A media vehicle is specific TV program (Comedy Circus, CID), newspapers (The Telegraph, Mumbai Mirror), magazines (The Sport star, Elle). Media planning is the way advertisers identify and select media options based on research into the audience profiles of various media; planning also includes scheduling and budgeting. Media buying is the task of identifying specific vehicles, such as TV channels/programs or websites, negotiating the cost to advertise in them and handling the details of billing and payment. Frequency refers to the number of times a person is exposed to the advertisement. An impression is one person’s opportunity to be exposed one time to an advertisement in a broadcast program, newspapers, magazines or outdoor locations. Circulation means the number of copies sold. In the media industry, there are professionals who do both, sell and buy advertising. Media sales people work for a medium, such as a magazine or television channel and their objective is to build the best possible arguments to convince media planners to use the medium they represent. There are also media reps, who are people or companies that sell space (in print) and time (in broadcast) for a variety of media. The rate base is the real number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that gets printed and sold. Readership is the average number of readers per copy sold.

Proper Role of Government

Describe the government and domestic environment of the country where your company is headquartered, then describe the international environment. Outline what organizations you may be associated with. (Example; WTO, OPEC, etc. ) Examine the 1st  country of International growth you outlined in your 10 year vision. Why did you strategically select that country? In what ways will your company contribute to the foreign country’s economic development? Are there any political concerns associated with expansion into this country? Why or why not? How do you plan to develop a good working relationship with the foreign country?Government Regulation on Media in AmericaPut together a SWOT analysis for your company. (This is considered an exhibit) Put together a PEST Analysis (exhibit) for the country you identified as the country into which your initial global expansion will take place. While maintaining its relationship with the United States, Japan has diversified and expanded ties wi th other nations. Having good relations with its neighbors can be a vital interest. Japan extended significant economic assistance to the Chinese in various modernization projects and supported Chinese membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). AIG† Japan contains in depth information and data about the company and its operations. The company contains an overview, business description, financial ratios, SWOT analysis, key competitors, key facts, key employees, locations and branches as well as information on products and services. The SWOT analysis the company profile can be crucial for the industry executives and anyone looking to gain a better understanding of the company’s business. So, the SWOT Analysis utilizes a wide range of primary and secondary sources.As learned from reading the chapters and from the PowerPoint slides, SWOT is an abbreviation for the internal Strengths and Weaknesses of a firm and the environmental Opportunities and Treats facing that f irm. SWOT analysis is a widely used technique through which managers create a quick overview of a company’s strategic situation. The technique is based on the traditions that an effective strategy derives from a sound â€Å"fit† between a firm’s internal resources (strengths and weaknesses) and its external situation (opportunities and treats). A good fit maximizes a firm’s strengths and opportunities and minimizes its weaknesses and threats.Accurately applied, this simple assumption has powerful implications for the design of successful strategy. AIG (American International Group) is one of the world’s leading insurance and financial services organizations, with operations in more than 130 countries. With a market capitalization of like $200 billion, AIG is like in the top ten most company in the world. AIG’s subsidiaries are leading providers of retirement services, financial services and asset management around the world. The group was th e second largest insurance group in the world after China Life Insurance.SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Location| Types of Factor| | Favorable| Unfavorable| Internal| Strength * Global leading provider of financial services * Expanding global reach * Diversified product portfolio and new product development * Corporate advertising and brand building sponsorships| Weaknesses * US residential mortgage market exposure * History of regulatory investigations * Declining cost efficiencies | External | Opportunities * Acquisitions * Growth in asset management industry| Threats * US recession and volatility in financial markets * Industry consolidation|Japan has faced a number of external challenges over the long term, most of which relate to the rising importance of China and the associated threat to Japan's pre-eminent political and economic position in the Asia region. The country's long-term outlook is also strongly influenced by its demographics. Current trends indicate that the rate of decline in the working-age population will outpace that in the population as a whole. On the positive side, in 2021-30 Japan will see an increase in its rate of GDP growth per head to 1. 7% a year, from around 1% a year in the first two decades of the century.Productivity growth will also accelerate in the latter part of the long-term forecast period. The environment has some current issues with the air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life. Japan is one of the largest consumers of fish and tropical timber. | 2012-20| 2021-30| 2012-30| Growth and productivity (% change; annual av)| Growth of real GDP per head| 1. 5| 1. 7| 1. 6| Growth of real GDP| 1. 0| 1. 0| 1. 0| Labour productivity growth| 1. 9| 1. 8| 1. 8|

Writing an Email Salutations and Valedictions - Proofread My Paper

Writing an Email Salutations and Valedictions - Proofread My Paper Writing an Email: Salutations and Valedictions When writing an email for work or college, there are rules you should observe regarding the opening and closing messages. These are known as â€Å"salutations† and â€Å"valedictions.† The correct phrases to use for these depend on who you’re emailing. What are Salutations? A â€Å"salutation† is the greeting at the beginning of an email or letter. You’ll always need one of these unless you’re emailing someone you know well, as an email has to be addressed to someone! Dear or Hi? The correct salutation to use in an email depends on who you’re contacting and why you’re getting in touch. The traditional choice here is â€Å"Dear [Person’s name]†, such as in: Dear Donald, I’m writing today to let you know that†¦ However, this can seem quite formal. This is fine if you want your email to seem official (you may even want to use their title and surname). But otherwise a simple â€Å"Hi† or â€Å"Hello† is often good enough (and is becoming more common than â€Å"Dear† anyway): Hi Don! I’m writing today to let you know that†¦ As such, knowing which salutation to use is basically a judgment call based on how well you know the person you’re emailing. But what do you do if you don’t even know their name? In these cases, you can either use their job title (e.g., â€Å"Dear Hiring Manager†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) or a generic greeting, like â€Å"To Whom it May Concern† or â€Å"Dear Sir/Madam†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Usually, though, it’s better to find the name of the recipient and use that. This makes emailing the Man With No Name difficult. What are Valedictions? Since we’ve already explained that salutations are greetings, you’ve probably guessed that a â€Å"valediction† is the sign-off message at the end of an email or letter. Another term for a â€Å"valediction† is a â€Å"complimentary close,† but they describe exactly the same thing. How to Sign-Off an Email This also depends on how formal you’re being. If you know the recipient well, you might even skip the valediction altogether and just give your name instead. However, it’s generally a good idea to use some kind of sign-off. For everyday use, the valedictions â€Å"Kind regards† and â€Å"Best wishes† work well, whether in formal or informal settings. If you’re going for a more official tone, you might want to stick to traditional valedictions like â€Å"Yours faithfully,† â€Å"Sincerely yours,† or â€Å"Yours truly.† Each of these has a specific use: Yours faithfully = Writing to someone you don’t know (can seem a bit old-fashioned) Yours truly = Writing to someone you don’t know well (a little more up-to-date) Sincerely yours = Writing to someone you know (friendly but formal) As with salutations, this is ultimately a matter of judgement, so just go for what feels right! Say bye!(Source: funny 24h/YouTube)